Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size, Share & Growth | 2031

Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size, Share & Growth | 2031

Segments - Monoclonal Antibodies Market by Source (Murine, Chimeric, Humanized, and Human), Indication (Cancer, Autoimmune Diseases, Neurological Diseases, Infectious Diseases, and Others), End-user (Hospitals, Research Institutes, and Others), and Region (North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2023 – 2031

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Author : Raksha Sharma
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Fact-checked by : Vineet Pandey
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Editor : Vishal Golekar

Upcoming | Report ID :HC-4881 | 4.9 Rating | 71 Reviews | 312 Pages | Format : PDF Excel PPT

Report Description


Monoclonal Antibodies Market Outlook

The global monoclonal antibodies market size was estimated at USD 168.69 Bn in 2022 and is anticipated to reach USD 494.78 Bn by 2031, expanding at a CAGR of 12.7% during the forecast period 2023-2031. The market growth is attributed to the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies to cure cancer and infectious diseases.

Monoclonal antibodies are proteins made of B lymphocytes, which bind to certain targets in the body, such as antigens, and neutralize the effect of the foreign particles. These antibodies bind to only one specific antigen and help the body fight against diseases. Monoclonal antibodies are used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, and radioactive substances directly to oncogenic cells in the body. Monoclonal antibodies are identical in various properties such as binding affinity for their targets, protein sequence, and antigen-binding site.

Monoclonal Antibodies Market Market Outlook

Monoclonal Antibodies Market Macro-economic Factors

Government Regulations

Government regulations play an integral role in the approval and branding of monoclonal antibodies for the consumption and treatment of patients. The FDA had granted Emergency Use Approvals (EUAs) for several mAb treatments, including REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab), etesevimab and bamlanivimab (BAM/ETE), and sotrovimab, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Presently, the US has not authorized the use of BAM/ETE and REGEN-COV, as these mAbs are not effective against omicron variants. Government regulations are stringent. Monoclonal antibodies are approved when GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) is followed and every minute detail is provided during the trials, including reliable host cells. Details of host cells include the origin, source, and history.

Prevalence of Diseases

The prevalence of diseases is one of the major factors that affect the monoclonal antibodies market positively. Monoclonal antibodies are used for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, neurological diseases, asthma, natural and synthetic toxins, and others. For instance, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes retinitis and gastroenteritis in HIV-infected patients. Approximately 40,000 cases of CMV are reported annually and 25% of the patients suffer from mental retardation and hearing loss. The rising number of cases is contributing to the growth of the monoclonal antibodies market.

Production & Consumption

Production & consumption of monoclonal antibodies go hand in hand, as maintenance of storage facilities is quite expensive. The storage of monoclonal antibodies requires a temperature of at least 2-8oC to maintain functional viability for about a year. Monoclonal antibodies sustain for many years if the antibodies are stored at -20°C in 50% glycerol. If the storage conditions are disrupted, monoclonal antibodies are subject to physicochemical transformations and post-translational modifications.

R&D Activities

Monoclonal antibodies are emerging as a significant class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of various human diseases. The treatments available for the diseases are the outcome of previous R&D activities in the field of monoclonal antibodies. The R&D activities include various steps and perspectives consisting of participants, development phases, citations of related patents, and therapeutic indications with potentially valuable insights for pharmaceutical investors, researchers, and policymakers. R&D activities are a major factor affecting the overall monoclonal antibodies market.

Monoclonal Antibodies Market Dynamics

The global monoclonal antibodies market report has up-to-date insights that help in formulating a strategic roadmap about the estimated market scenario and performance during 2023 to 2031.

Drivers

Increasing Prevalence of Chronic Diseases such as Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases

Chronic diseases such as neurological degeneration, cancer, and autoimmune diseases are rising among the population. Monoclonal antibodies are one of the most adopted and well-accepted medications for the treatment of these diseases. Monoclonal antibodies specifically interact with the antigens to minimize their effect and do not pose major side effects to the health of the patient. Monoclonal antibody therapy is cost-effective as compared with traditional chemotherapy in the treatment of chronic diseases, which is expected to drive the monoclonal antibodies market.

Employment of Advanced Genetic Engineering Technology

One of the significant advantages of using monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents is that the production of monoclonal antibodies is enhanced using genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is a process that uses laboratory technologies to alter genetic material. This process is utilized to enhance and speed up the production process as per the requirement. Presently, genetic engineering technology is used for the production process, and this technology proves to be beneficial in terms of cost and down-steaming process.

Restrains

Monoclonal antibodies are popular in developed countries as a treatment method for various chronic diseases. However, it is not adopted in underdeveloped countries, due to a lack of awareness, low disposable income of people, and lack of money for the treatment of diseases. Major part of the global population resides in countries such as China and India; however, the primary consumption of monoclonal antibodies is in North America and Europe. A lack of awareness regarding monoclonal antibodies is expected to affect the growth of the monoclonal antibodies market.

Opportunities

Chemotherapy delivers drugs to the entire body. It aims to target the area of the body with cancerous cells while minimizing the number of healthy cells affected during treatment. The treatment has a negative impact on the healthy cells that surround the cancer cells. Autoimmune diseases do not have a defined treatment, which resulted in high R&D activities regarding these diseases.

R&D of the medication for autoimmune disease diagnostics is expected to create opportunities in the monoclonal antibodies market. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), up to 23.5 Million Americans (~7% of the population) suffered from an autoimmune disease in 2017, and the prevalence is rising.

Scope of Monoclonal Antibodies Market Report

The report on the global monoclonal antibodies market includes an assessment of the market, trends, segments, and regional markets. Overview and dynamics have also been included in the report.

Attributes

Details

Report Title

Monoclonal Antibodies Market – Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast

Base Year

2021

Historic Data

2016 and 2021

Forecast Period

2023–2031

Segmentation

Source (Murine, Chimeric, Humanized, Human), Indication (Cancer, Autoimmune Diseases, Neurological Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Others), and End-user (Hospitals, Research Institutes, Others)

Regional Scope

Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, Europe, and Middle East & Africa

Report Coverage

Company Share, Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size and  Analysis, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends, and Revenue Forecast

Key Players Covered

AbbVie Inc., Janssen Biotech, Inc., Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Lilly, Merck & Co., Inc., Abbott, Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Monoclonal Antibodies Market Segmental Outlook

What Key Factors Contribute to the Rapid Expansion of the Source Segment?

Based on the source, the monoclonal antibodies market is segmented into murine, chimeric, humanized, and human. The human segment is projected to account for a substantial share of the monoclonal antibodies market during the forecast period. The human-type monoclonal antibody is made of human protein and does not induce immunogenicity. When the murine type of monoclonal antibodies is given to a patient, the immune system of the patient is triggered; hence the focus is shifting toward the humanized and human-type monoclonal antibodies. 

Monoclonal Antibodies Market Source

Which Major Factors influence the Significant Growth of the Indication Segment?

On the basis of indication, the market is fragmented into cancer, autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, infectious diseases, and others. The cancer segment is projected to hold a significant share of the market during the forecast period, as the prevalence of cancer is extremely high. Monoclonal antibodies are used to ease the patient's condition due to their minimum side effects compared to chemotherapy.

The infectious diseases segment is anticipated to register a considerable CAGR owing to the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies to treat infectious diseases across the globe. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of rise of drug-resistant bacteria, and the rapid development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to treat infectious diseases was needed, and the increasing usage of monoclonal antibodies to treat other infectious diseases can further boost the global market.

What are the Main Aspects for Boosting the End-user Segment?

Based on the end-user, the market is categorized into hospitals, research institutes, and others. The hospital segment is expected to hold a major share of the market during the forecast period, as hospitals are a common treatment spot for the treatment of various diseases as compared with specialty centers. However, the research institute segment is expected to register a considerable CAGR during the forecast period as monoclonal antibodies are used for clinical trials to research additional applications of monoclonal antibodies across diverse branches of science.

Monoclonal Antibodies Market End User

Why is North America dominating Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market?

The market is divided into five regions, namely, North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. North America is projected to account for a significant share of the monoclonal antibodies market during the forecast period, owing to the high number of FDA approvals for monoclonal antibodies and high awareness about monoclonal antibody therapy.

Europe is expected to hold a substantial market share during the forecast period, owing to increasing R&D activities for patients with complicated and untreated diseases. The market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to expand at a high CAGR during the forecast period, as underdeveloped countries are adopting the monoclonal antibody therapy method for treating life-threatening diseases. The significant rise in the incidence of cancer and autoimmune diseases is expected to boost the market.
 

Monoclonal Antibodies Market Region

Key Benefits for Industry Participants & Stakeholders

  • In-depth Analysis of the Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market
  • Historical, Current, and Projected Market Size in terms of Value
  • Potential & Niche Segments and Regions Exhibiting Promising Growth Covered
  • Industry Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities Covered in the Study
  • Recent Industry Trends and Developments
  • Competitive Landscape & Strategies of Key Players
  • Neutral Perspective on Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market Performance

Segments

Source

  • Murine
  • Chimeric
  • Humanized
  • Human

Indication

  • Cancer
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Neurological Diseases
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Others

End-user

  • Hospitals
  • Research Institutes
  • Others

Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East & Africa

Key Market Players Profiled in the Report

  • AbbVie Inc.
  • Janssen Biotech, Inc.
  • Amgen Inc.
  • AstraZeneca
  • Lilly
  • Merck & Co., Inc.
  • Abbott
  • Novartis AG
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Competitive Landscape

  • Manufacturers operating in the global monoclonal antibodies market include AbbVie Inc., Janssen Biotech, Inc., Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Lilly, Merck & Co., Inc., Abbott, Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.
  • Market players are pursuing key strategies such as acquisitions, collaborations, and geographic expansion, which is creating opportunities in the monoclonal antibodies market.
Monoclonal Antibodies Market Key Players

Frequently Asked Questions

North America is likely to dominate the monoclonal antibodies market during the forecast period.

The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases and increasing use of monoclonal antibodies to cure cancer can drive the market.

The monoclonal antibodies market size was USD 168.69 Bn in 2022 and is anticipated to reach USD 494.78 Bn by 2031, at CAGR of 12.7%, during 2023-2031

Key players competing in the global market are AbbVie Inc., Janssen Biotech, Inc., Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Lilly, Merck & Co., Inc., Abbott, Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Table Of Content

Chapter 1 Executive Summary
Chapter 2 Assumptions and Acronyms Used
Chapter 3 Research Methodology
Chapter 4 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Overview
   4.1 Introduction
      4.1.1 Market Taxonomy
      4.1.2 Market Definition
      4.1.3 Macro-Economic Factors Impacting the Market Growth
   4.2 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Dynamics
      4.2.1 Market Drivers
      4.2.2 Market Restraints
      4.2.3 Market Opportunity
   4.3 Monoclonal Antibodies Market - Supply Chain Analysis
      4.3.1 List of Key Suppliers
      4.3.2 List of Key Distributors
      4.3.3 List of Key Consumers
   4.4 Key Forces Shaping the Monoclonal Antibodies Market
      4.4.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
      4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
      4.4.3 Threat of Substitution
      4.4.4 Threat of New Entrants
      4.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
   4.5 Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size & Forecast, 2015-2030
      4.5.1 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size and Y-o-Y Growth
      4.5.2 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Absolute $ Opportunity
   4.6 Pricing Analysis & Forecast, 2015-2030
   4.7 Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market: Impact Of Key Regulations
   4.8 Production and Consumption: Monoclonal Antibodies Market
   4.9 Prevalence of Diseases: Monoclonal Antibodies as Therapeutic Agents
   4.10 Various Mode of Action: Monoclonal Antibodies

Chapter 5 Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market Analysis and Forecast By Type
   5.1 Introduction
      5.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities By Type
      5.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
      5.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
   5.2 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Type
      5.2.1 Murine
      5.2.2 Chimeric
      5.2.3 Humanized
      5.2.4 Human
   5.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
Chapter 6 Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market Analysis and Forecast By Application
   6.1 Introduction
      6.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities By Application
      6.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Application
      6.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Application
   6.2 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Application
      6.2.1 Cancer
      6.2.2 Autoimmune Diseases
      6.2.3 Neurological Diseases
      6.2.4 Infectious Diseases
      6.2.5 Others
   6.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
Chapter 7 Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market Analysis and Forecast By End-use
   7.1 Introduction
      7.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities By End-use
      7.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End-use
      7.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End-use
   7.2 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By End-use
      7.2.1 Hospitals
      7.2.2 Specialty Centers
      7.2.3 Others
   7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use
Chapter 8 Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
   8.1 Introduction
      8.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities by Region
      8.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Region
      8.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Region
   8.2 Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast by Region
      8.2.1 North America
      8.2.2 Europe
      8.2.3 Asia Pacific
      8.2.4 Latin America
      8.2.5 Middle East & Africa (MEA)
   8.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region
Chapter 9 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Impact
   9.1 Introduction
   9.2 Current & Future Impact Analysis
   9.3 Economic Impact Analysis
   9.4 Government Policies
   9.5 Investment Scenario
Chapter 10 North America Monoclonal Antibodies Analysis and Forecast
   10.1 Introduction
   10.2 North America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast by Country
      10.2.1 U.S.
      10.2.2 Canada
   10.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
   10.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   10.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
   10.6 North America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Type
      10.6.1 Murine
      10.6.2 Chimeric
      10.6.3 Humanized
      10.6.4 Human
   10.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
   10.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
   10.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
   10.10 North America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Application
      10.10.1 Cancer
      10.10.2 Autoimmune Diseases
      10.10.3 Neurological Diseases
      10.10.4 Infectious Diseases
      10.10.5 Others
   10.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Application
   10.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Application
   10.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
   10.14 North America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By End-use
      10.14.1 Hospitals
      10.14.2 Specialty Centers
      10.14.3 Others
   10.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End-use
   10.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End-use
   10.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use
Chapter 11 Europe Monoclonal Antibodies Analysis and Forecast
   11.1 Introduction
   11.2 Europe Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast by Country
      11.2.1 Germany
      11.2.2 France
      11.2.3 Italy
      11.2.4 U.K.
      11.2.5 Spain
      11.2.6 Russia
      11.2.7 Rest of Europe
   11.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
   11.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   11.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
   11.6 Europe Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Type
      11.6.1 Murine
      11.6.2 Chimeric
      11.6.3 Humanized
      11.6.4 Human
   11.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
   11.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
   11.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
   11.10 Europe Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Application
      11.10.1 Cancer
      11.10.2 Autoimmune Diseases
      11.10.3 Neurological Diseases
      11.10.4 Infectious Diseases
      11.10.5 Others
   11.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Application
   11.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Application
   11.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
   11.14 Europe Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By End-use
      11.14.1 Hospitals
      11.14.2 Specialty Centers
      11.14.3 Others
   11.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End-use
   11.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End-use
   11.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use

Chapter 12 Asia Pacific Monoclonal Antibodies Analysis and Forecast
   12.1 Introduction
   12.2 Asia Pacific Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast by Country
      12.2.1 China
      12.2.2 Japan
      12.2.3 South Korea
      12.2.4 India
      12.2.5 Australia
      12.2.6 South East Asia (SEA)
      12.2.7 Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC)
   12.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
   12.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   12.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
   12.6 Asia Pacific Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Type
      12.6.1 Murine
      12.6.2 Chimeric
      12.6.3 Humanized
      12.6.4 Human
   12.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
   12.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
   12.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
   12.10 Asia Pacific Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Application
      12.10.1 Cancer
      12.10.2 Autoimmune Diseases
      12.10.3 Neurological Diseases
      12.10.4 Infectious Diseases
      12.10.5 Others
   12.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Application
   12.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Application
   12.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
   12.14 Asia Pacific Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By End-use
      12.14.1 Hospitals
      12.14.2 Specialty Centers
      12.14.3 Others
   12.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End-use
   12.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End-use
   12.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use
Chapter 13 Latin America Monoclonal Antibodies Analysis and Forecast
   13.1 Introduction
   13.2 Latin America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast by Country
      13.2.1 Brazil
      13.2.2 Mexico
      13.2.3 Rest of Latin America (LATAM)
   13.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
   13.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   13.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
   13.6 Latin America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Type
      13.6.1 Murine
      13.6.2 Chimeric
      13.6.3 Humanized
      13.6.4 Human
   13.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
   13.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
   13.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
   13.10 Latin America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Application
      13.10.1 Cancer
      13.10.2 Autoimmune Diseases
      13.10.3 Neurological Diseases
      13.10.4 Infectious Diseases
      13.10.5 Others
   13.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Application
   13.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Application
   13.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
   13.14 Latin America Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By End-use
      13.14.1 Hospitals
      13.14.2 Specialty Centers
      13.14.3 Others
   13.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End-use
   13.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End-use
   13.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use
Chapter 14 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Monoclonal Antibodies Analysis and Forecast
   14.1 Introduction
   14.2 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast by Country
      14.2.1 Saudi Arabia
      14.2.2 South Africa
      14.2.3 UAE
      14.2.4 Rest of Middle East & Africa (MEA)
   14.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
   14.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   14.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
   14.6 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Type
      14.6.1 Murine
      14.6.2 Chimeric
      14.6.3 Humanized
      14.6.4 Human
   14.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
   14.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
   14.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
   14.10 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By Application
      14.10.1 Cancer
      14.10.2 Autoimmune Diseases
      14.10.3 Neurological Diseases
      14.10.4 Infectious Diseases
      14.10.5 Others
   14.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Application
   14.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Application
   14.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
   14.14 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size Forecast By End-use
      14.14.1 Hospitals
      14.14.2 Specialty Centers
      14.14.3 Others
   14.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End-use
   14.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End-use
   14.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use
Chapter 15 Competition Landscape
   15.1 Monoclonal Antibodies Market: Competitive Dashboard
   15.2 Global Monoclonal Antibodies Market: Market Share Analysis, 2021
   15.3 Company Profiles (Details – Overview, Financials, Developments, Strategy)
      15.3.1 AbbVie Inc.
      15.3.2 Janssen Biotech, Inc.
      15.3.3 Amgen Inc.
      15.3.4 AstraZeneca
      15.3.5 Lilly
      15.3.6 Merck & Co., Inc.
      15.3.7 Abbott
      15.3.8 Novartis AG
      15.3.9 Pfizer Inc.
      15.3.10 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

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