Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market

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Raksha Sharma

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Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Outlook 2031

The global functional near infrared optical brain imaging market size was valued at USD XX billion in 2022 and is likely to reach USD XX billion by 2031, expanding at a CAGR of XX% during 2023 – 2031. The growth of the market is attributed growing demand for noninvasive brain imaging systems.

Rise in brain-related health problems is resulting in increasing utilization of brain imaging technology which further contributes to boosting the functional near infrared optical brain imaging market. Neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and brain injuries, are becoming common among all ages. Functional near infrared optical brain imaging (fNIRS) is a valuable tool for studying and diagnosing these conditions.

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Outlook

  • As per the report published by the National Library of Medicine on February 21, 2023, around 15% of the world's population is suffering from neurological disorders. These disorders are the leading cause behind cognitive disability and physical across the globe.

Functional near-infrared optical brain imaging is a non-invasive technique for observing and measuring brain activity. It detects changes in the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin within the brain's blood vessels. This technology relies on the fundamental principle that active brain regions demand increased oxygenated blood, resulting in elevated blood flow and hemoglobin levels. fNIRS harnesses the use of safe near-infrared light capable of penetrating the skull to monitor these hemoglobin changes.

The research report finds that the COVID-19 pandemic has hampered the market.  The pandemic disrupted supply chains and manufacturing, which negatively impacted the fNIRS device production. Components and materials sourced globally experienced delays due to lockdowns and travel restrictions. These challenges affected order fulfillment and the market's growth.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Impact on Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market

Emergence of artificial intelligence contributing to the market growth. AI is improving fNIRS data analysis, to boost efficiency. The utilization of AI-powered machine learning algorithms is helping to understand complex fNIRS data revealing brain activity patterns. Additionally, AI-driven systems enhance fNIRS user-friendliness expanding its applications in neuroscience and healthcare.

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Dynamics

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Dynamics

Major Drivers

Increasing geriatric population is expected to drive the market during the projected period. The risk of neurological conditions increases with growing age. fNIRS technology allows for early detection and monitoring of these conditions. This early diagnosis is important for timely intervention and improving the quality of life for older individuals. Moreover, the rising demand for brain imaging solutions for research and scientific purposes is further boosting the market.

  • According to a report published by WHO on October 1, 2022, stating that the rate of population aging is increasing at a much faster pace than in previous years. By 2030, it is projected that approximately one in six people worldwide will be aged 60 years or older. Furthermore, by 2050, the global population of individuals aged 60 years or older is expected to double, reaching a total of 2.1 billion people.

Existing Restraints

High cost of these brain imaging machines is expected to hinder the market. These devices hold immense value for brain research but come with substantial purchase and maintenance expenses. This cost hurdle restricts access to smaller research institutions, clinics, or facilities operating on limited budgets. Additionally, a shortage of skilled operators further diminishes fNIRS demand in the market.

Emerging Opportunities

Ongoing continuous research and advancement are expected to create immense market opportunities for players competing. Manufacturers are integrating fNIRS with other neuroimaging methods, including f-magnetic resonance imaging and EEG to provide a comprehensive understanding of brain activity. This potentially unlocks new insights into neurological disorders and cognitive processes. Moreover, the development of advanced fNIRS-enabled telemedicine and remote healthcare platforms is expected to fuel the growth of the market.

Scope of the Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Report

The report on the market includes an assessment of the market, trends, segments, and regional markets. Overview and dynamics have also been included in the report.

Attributes

Details

Report Title

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market- Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast

Base Year

2022

Historic Data

2016–2021

Forecast Period

2023–2031

Segmentation

Type (Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy, FT-NIR Spectroscopy, and Others), Application (Sleep Disorders, Parkinson Disease, Epilepsy, Traumatic Brain Injury, Dementia, and Others), and End-user (Diagnostic Centers, Hospitals, and Research Institutes)

Regional Scope

Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, Europe, and Middle East & Africa

Report Coverage

Company Share, Market Analysis and Size, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends, and Revenue Forecast

Key Players Covered in the Report

Artinis Medical Systems; Biopac Systems Inc.; Fujifilm Holdings Corporation (Hitachi Ltd.); Gowerlabs Ltd; Kernel; MYndspan; NIRx Medical Technologies LLC; Oxford Instruments; PerkinElmer Inc.; Shimadzu Corporation; and Soterix Medical Inc

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Segment Insights

Type Analysis

Based on type, the functional near infrared optical brain imaging market is divided into dispersive NIR spectroscopy, FT-NIR spectroscopy, and others. The dispersive NIR spectroscopy segment is expected to hold a major market revenue share during the forecast period, as they are majorly utilized by researchers and healthcare professionals. Dispersive NIR spectroscopy provides high precision in measuring changes in light absorption in brain tissues. This precision allows for accurate assessments of oxygen levels and blood flow to understand brain function. Furthermore, funding support by the governmental and private sectors for the development of spectroscopy technology is further boosting the market.

The FT-NIR spectroscopy segment is anticipated to register robust growth in the market, owing to its inherent advantages and versatility. It uses near-infrared light to measure changes in blood flow and oxygen levels in the brain. This information provides real-time insights into brain function. The versatility and suitability for a wide range of applications make it a preferred choice for studying brain-related conditions and cognitive processes that further boost their demand in the market.

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Type

Application Analysis

On the basis of application, the market is classified as sleep disorders, Parkinson disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, dementia, and others. The traumatic brain injury segment is projected to register a considerable CAGR during the forecast period, due to the increasing occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from accidents, sports injuries, and military conflicts. This prevalence is fueling the demand for effective diagnostic and monitoring tools including, fNIRS in the marker.

  • According to the report published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on September 7, 2023, states that around 214,110 hospitalizations occurred related to TBI in 2020, and over 69,473 deaths were caused by TBI in 2021.

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Application

End-user Analysis

Based on end-user, the market is segregated into Diagnostic Centers, Hospitals, and Research Institutes. The hospitals segment is expected to hold a key market share during the projected period, due to their increasing demand for the fNIRS systems to cater to a wide range of patients. fNIRS provides real-time data on brain activity helping healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care. Moreover, the growing patient burden on hospital settings further propels the demand for the fNIRS in the market.

The research institutes segment is expected to grow at a significant CAGR in the market in the coming years, as these institutes are at the forefront of scientific exploration. They conduct studies to understand the brain, cognition, and neurological disorders. fNIRS allows researchers to investigate brain activity in a non-invasive and dynamic manner. Moreover, the continuous advancement and launch of new brain imaging systems for research purposes are contributing to the growth of this segment in the market.

  • On July 31, 2023, Kernel, a neuroimaging technology provider, announced the launch of its Flow2 system. This system is designed to provide MRI-like functional neuroimaging in a headset that is both user-friendly and quick, making it easier to access precise neuro medicine. Flow2 incorporates state-of-the-art technology such as time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to provide a comprehensive view of brain activity. This unique combination allows researchers and clinicians to study the intricate workings of the brain in greater detail.

Regional Outlook

In terms of region, the global functional near infrared optical brain imaging market is segmented into Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, Europe, and Middle East & Africa. North America is expected to dominate the market in the projected period, due to the presence of a strong healthcare system, abundant healthcare facilities, diagnostic centers, and hospitals. These institutions are adept at seamlessly incorporating fNIRS into diagnostic and research protocols. Moreover, substantial government funding fosters brain health and imaging technology projects, bolstering the regional market.

The market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to expand at a rapid pace in the coming years, owing to increasing healthcare awareness highlighting the pivotal importance of early diagnosis and treatment. This awareness is driving the demand for advanced diagnostic fNIRS tools to assess and manage neurological conditions. Moreover, the rising incidence of age-related neurological disorders, due to the large and growing aged population is further boosting the market in the Asia Pacific.

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Region

Segments

The global functional near infrared optical brain imaging market has been segmented on the basis of

Type

  • Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy
  • FT-NIR Spectroscopy
  • Others

Application

  • Sleep Disorders
  • Parkinson Disease
  • Epilepsy
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Dementia
  • Others

End-user

  • Diagnostic Centers
  • Hospitals
  • Research Institutes

Region

  • Asia Pacific
  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • Middle East & Africa

Key Players

  • Artinis Medical Systems
  • Biopac Systems Inc.
  • Fujifilm Holdings Corporation (Hitachi Ltd.)
  • Gowerlabs Ltd
  • Kernel
  • MYndspan
  • NIRx Medical Technologies LLC
  • Oxford Instruments
  • PerkinElmer Inc.
  • Shimadzu Corporation
  • Soterix Medical Inc

Competitive Landscape

Key players competing in the global functional near infrared optical brain imaging market are Artinis Medical Systems; Biopac Systems Inc.; Fujifilm Holdings Corporation (Hitachi Ltd.); Gowerlabs Ltd; Kernel; MYndspan; NIRx Medical Technologies LLC; Oxford Instruments; PerkinElmer Inc.; Shimadzu Corporation; and Soterix Medical Inc

These companies are boosting their market share by adopting various strategies such as partnerships, mergers, reduction in production costs, launching new products, and implementing advanced technologies.  

  • On March 15, 2022, MYndspan, a global manufacturer of brain imaging technology, announced the commercial launch of the world's first consumer brain imaging service to objectively assess and measure brain health by utilizing brain connectivity. This scanning technology has the ability to identify concussions and help around 3.8 million athletes who are been experiencing sports-related concussions annually.

Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Key Players

1. Executive Summary
2. Assumptions and Acronyms Used
3. Research Methodology
4. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Overview
  4.1. Introduction
     4.1.1. Market Taxonomy
     4.1.2. Market Definition
  4.2. Macro-Economic Factors
     4.2.1. Industry Outlook
  4.3. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Dynamics
     4.3.1. Market Drivers
     4.3.2. Market Restraints
     4.3.3. Opportunity
     4.3.4. Market Trends
  4.4. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market - Supply Chain
  4.5. Global Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Forecast
     4.5.1. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
     4.5.2. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size (000’ Units) and Y-o-Y Growth
     4.5.3. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Absolute $ Opportunity
5. Global Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast by Types
  5.1. Market Trends
  5.2. Introduction
     5.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Types
     5.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Types
  5.3. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Types
     5.3.1. Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy
     5.3.2. FT-NIR Spectroscopy
     5.3.3. Others
  5.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Types
  5.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Types
6. Global Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast by Applications
  6.1. Market Trends
  6.2. Introduction
     6.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Applications
     6.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Applications
  6.3. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Applications
     6.3.1. Sleep Disorders
     6.3.2. Parkinson Disease
     6.3.3. Epilepsy
     6.3.4. Traumatic Brain Injury
     6.3.5. Dementia
     6.3.6. Others
  6.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Applications
  6.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Applications
7. Global Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast by End Users
  7.1. Market Trends
  7.2. Introduction
     7.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by End Users
     7.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by End Users
  7.3. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by End Users
     7.3.1. Diagnostic Centers
     7.3.2. Hospitals
     7.3.3. Research Institutes
  7.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by End Users
  7.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by End Users
8. Global Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
  8.1. Market Trends
  8.2. Introduction
     8.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Region
     8.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Region
  8.3. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Region
     8.3.1. North America
     8.3.2. Latin America
     8.3.3. Europe
     8.3.4. Asia Pacific
     8.3.5. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
  8.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Region
  8.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Region
  8.6. Global Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
9. North America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast
  9.1. Introduction
     9.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
     9.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
  9.2. North America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
     9.2.1. U.S.
     9.2.2. Canada
  9.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
  9.4. North America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Types
     9.4.1. Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy
     9.4.2. FT-NIR Spectroscopy
     9.4.3. Others
  9.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Types
  9.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Types
  9.7. North America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Applications
     9.7.1. Sleep Disorders
     9.7.2. Parkinson Disease
     9.7.3. Epilepsy
     9.7.4. Traumatic Brain Injury
     9.7.5. Dementia
     9.7.6. Others
  9.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Applications
  9.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Applications
  9.10. North America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by End Users
     9.10.1. Diagnostic Centers
     9.10.2. Hospitals
     9.10.3. Research Institutes
  9.11. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by End Users
  9.12. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by End Users
  9.13. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
     9.13.1. By Country
     9.13.2. By Product Type
     9.13.3. By Application
  9.14. North America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
10. Latin America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast
  10.1. Introduction
     10.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
     10.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
     10.1.3. Latin America Average Pricing Analysis
  10.2. Latin America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      10.2.1. Brazil
      10.2.2. Mexico
      10.2.3. Rest of Latin America
   10.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
  10.4. Latin America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Types
     10.4.1. Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy
     10.4.2. FT-NIR Spectroscopy
     10.4.3. Others
  10.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Types
  10.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Types
  10.7. Latin America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Applications
     10.7.1. Sleep Disorders
     10.7.2. Parkinson Disease
     10.7.3. Epilepsy
     10.7.4. Traumatic Brain Injury
     10.7.5. Dementia
     10.7.6. Others
  10.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Applications
  10.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Applications
  10.10. Latin America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by End Users
     10.10.1. Diagnostic Centers
     10.10.2. Hospitals
     10.10.3. Research Institutes
  10.11. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by End Users
  10.12. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by End Users
  10.13. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
     10.13.1. By Country
     10.13.2. By Product Type
     10.13.3. By Application
  10.14. Latin America Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
11. Europe Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast
  11.1. Introduction
     11.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
     11.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
     11.1.3. Europe Average Pricing Analysis
  11.2. Europe Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
     11.2.1. Germany
     11.2.2. France
     11.2.3. Italy
     11.2.4. U.K.
     11.2.5. Spain
     11.2.6. Russia
     11.2.7. Rest of Europe
  11.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
  11.4. Europe Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Types
     11.4.1. Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy
     11.4.2. FT-NIR Spectroscopy
     11.4.3. Others
  11.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Types
  11.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Types
  11.7. Europe Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Applications
     11.7.1. Sleep Disorders
     11.7.2. Parkinson Disease
     11.7.3. Epilepsy
     11.7.4. Traumatic Brain Injury
     11.7.5. Dementia
     11.7.6. Others
  11.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Applications
  11.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Applications
  11.10. Europe Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by End Users
     11.10.1. Diagnostic Centers
     11.10.2. Hospitals
     11.10.3. Research Institutes
  11.11. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by End Users
  11.12. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by End Users
  11.13. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
     11.13.1. By Country
     11.13.2. By Product Type
     11.13.3. By Application
  11.14. Europe Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
12. Asia Pacific Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast
  12.1. Introduction
     12.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
     12.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
     12.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
  12.2. Asia Pacific Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
     12.2.1. China
     12.2.2. Japan
     12.2.3. South Korea
     12.2.4. India
     12.2.5. Australia
     12.2.6. Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC)
  12.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
  12.4. Asia Pacific Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Types
     12.4.1. Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy
     12.4.2. FT-NIR Spectroscopy
     12.4.3. Others
  12.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Types
  12.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Types
  12.7. Asia Pacific Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Applications
     12.7.1. Sleep Disorders
     12.7.2. Parkinson Disease
     12.7.3. Epilepsy
     12.7.4. Traumatic Brain Injury
     12.7.5. Dementia
     12.7.6. Others
  12.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Applications
  12.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Applications
  12.10. Asia Pacific Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by End Users
     12.10.1. Diagnostic Centers
     12.10.2. Hospitals
     12.10.3. Research Institutes
  12.11. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by End Users
  12.12. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by End Users
  12.13. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
     12.13.1. By Country
     12.13.2. By Product Type
     12.13.3. By Application
  12.14. Asia Pacific Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
13. Middle East & Africa Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Analysis and Forecast
  13.1. Introduction
     13.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
     13.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
     13.1.3. Middle East & Africa Average Pricing Analysis
  13.2. Middle East & Africa Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
     13.2.1. Saudi Arabia
     13.2.2. South Africa
     13.2.3. UAE
     13.2.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa (MEA)
  13.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
  13.4. Middle East & Africa Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Types
     13.4.1. Dispersive NIR Spectroscopy
     13.4.2. FT-NIR Spectroscopy
     13.4.3. Others
  13.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Types
  13.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Types
  13.7. Middle East & Africa Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by Applications
     13.7.1. Sleep Disorders
     13.7.2. Parkinson Disease
     13.7.3. Epilepsy
     13.7.4. Traumatic Brain Injury
     13.7.5. Dementia
     13.7.6. Others
  13.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Applications
  13.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Applications
  13.10. Middle East & Africa Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market Size and Volume Forecast by End Users
     13.10.1. Diagnostic Centers
     13.10.2. Hospitals
     13.10.3. Research Institutes
  13.11. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by End Users
  13.12. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by End Users
  13.13. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
     13.13.1. By Country
     13.13.2. By Product Type
     13.13.3. By Application
  13.14. Middle East & Africa Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
14. Competition Landscape
  14.1. Global Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market: Market Share Analysis
  14.2. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Distributors and Customers
  14.3. Functional Near Infrared Optical Brain Imaging Market: Competitive Dashboard
  14.4. Company Profiles (Details: Overview, Financials, Developments, Strategy)
     14.4.1. Artinis Medical Systems
     14.4.2. Biopac Systems Inc.
     14.4.3. Fujifilm Holdings Corporation (Hitachi Ltd.)
     14.4.4. Gowerlabs Ltd
     14.4.5. Kernel
     14.4.6. MYndspan
     14.4.7. NIRx Medical Technologies LLC
     14.4.8. Oxford Instruments
     14.4.9. PerkinElmer Inc.
     14.4.10. Shimadzu Corporation
     14.4.11. Soterix Medical Inc

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