Clinical Trial Platform Market by Deployment Mode (Web & Cloud-based and On-premise), Software & Solution (EDC, eCOA/ePRO, eConsent, and Others), End-user (Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Contract Research Organizations, Medical Device Manufacturers, and Others), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2023 – 2031
Clinical Trial Platform Market Outlook
The global clinical trial platform market size was USD 1.59 Bn in 2022 and is expected to reach USD 5.43 Bn in 2031, expanding at a CAGR of 14.6% during the forecast period 2023-2031. The market growth is attributed to the increasing demand for a clinical trial platform to manage clinical trials in clinical research.
A clinical trial platform, also known as a clinical trial management system (CTMS) is a platform that is used to organize and streamline the whole clinical research workflow. It functions as a comprehensive, web-based enterprise resource for clinical research studies. It is often used by a research sponsor (a pharmaceutical, biotech, or medical device business) or a contract research organization (CRO), that is hired by a sponsor to run the study on their behalf.
Clinical Trial Market Dynamics
Drivers
The number of clinical trials rapidly increasing in the life sciences industry can drive the market. Factors such as the increasing incidences of chronic diseases, the expiration of patents for specific drugs, the growing availability of government funds for clinical trials, and high competition in the pharmaceutical sector are increasing the usage of clinical trials.
The CTMS systems allows participants to participate from the comfort of their own homes rather than having to drive to a study location which increases engagement and retention. A rapidly growing number of people in the senior age group has emerged as a significant growth factor for the market. Furthermore, as people's life expectancy is increasing rapidly the number of people suffering from chronic diseases is also rising at the same pace.
This increased number of clinical trials is driving the global clinical trial platform market. Clinical studies done by top market participants adhering to government norms and regulations ensure optimal patient safety while remaining cost-effective. For instance,
- Over 434 Thousand clinical trials were registered internationally as of November 24, 2022. Comparatively, 181 Thousand clinical trials were registered in 2015, which indicates the increased number of clinical trials.
- The most common and expensive medical illnesses in the US are chronic diseases. About 133 Million people in the US, or roughly 45% of the population, have at least one chronic illness, and the number is rising.
Increasing R&D Activities
Increasing investments from key players for R&D activities and a rising focus on product innovations are expected to fuel the demand for clinical trial management software in the coming years. Major market players in almost every industry rely on the development of innovative products for market expansion. Major companies implement strategic initiatives, product updates & launches, service expansion, partnerships, collaborations, mergers & acquisitions, and customer acquisition among others to increase their market share. For instance,
- In February 2021, eClinical Solutions LLC launched Elluminate CTMS to enhance drug development for life sciences enterprises.
- In December 2020, ERT added a product, Data Insights, to its Trial Oversight Solution to detect and manage endpoint data variations.
Demand for Cloud-based model
Pharmaceutical & biotech companies and CROs require less difficult, low-cost platform implementation, sourcing, integration, and maintenance can boost the demand for the SaaS model. Many CROs choose to conduct virtual clinical trials and hybrid clinical trials. This drives CROs to invest in enhanced remote patient monitoring and telehealth solutions to collect patient data.
High competition among biopharmaceutical businesses and high expenditure on drug discovery and clinical trial operations are driving the global clinical trial platform market. The cloud-based platform reduces the cost of hardware acquisition, installation, provisioning, maintenance, support, and platform licensing.
CTMS solutions update platform and patch management systems automatically reducing the pressure on in-house IT workers and saving money. Furthermore, the cloud-based platform allows mobile server access while maintaining optimum data protection which aids in the growing demand for the cloud-based model in the clinical trial platform market.
Unified platform
The CTMS systems is compatible with unified platforms. Many huge corporations acquire multiple small enterprises in various regions to perform clinical trials or collaborate with other corporations on research. In such circumstances, a uniform platform makes it easier for firms to monitor studies. Data availability, integration, and interoperability are distinct elements driving the use of unified clinical research platforms.
A unified platform such as Clinical One provides all trial protocols, workflows, and data. It makes it easier to support not only standard study locations but also decentralized and hybrid trials, which are becoming more common. Furthermore, the single platform enables decision-makers to immediately access the data required to support key decision-making, patient safety, and study oversight. These factors are projected to aid the market in gaining substantial momentum, which is expected to fuel the market during the forecast period.
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The FDA is pushing for data from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) claims and registries to be connected for simpler record monitoring and patient safety. The National Institutes of Health has established a Common Fund to build infrastructure, improve operational expertise, and support research that employs all of the RWE listed above.
Restraints
High cost for Clinical Trial Platform
The high cost of the CTMS systems can hamper the market. Small- and medium-sized client facilities often face financial limits for clinical trials due to insufficient private funding, stringent regulatory demands, and financial outlook. It includes safety issues, poor study design and trial execution, ineffective site selection, and dropouts due to practical or financial constraints. Furthermore, after every phase, time, and capital requirement are increasing which results in hindering the global market in the coming years.
A Phase III failure costs the same as all previous stages plus the time that could have been spent testing an alternative medicine. Every unsuccessful study adds to the growing expenses of biopharma R&D. Despite the high R&D spending in the life sciences business, start-ups and SMEs continue to confront financial constraints, which influence their decision to avail the platform.
Private investors typically prefer to invest in existing enterprises rather than start-ups and SMEs due to product approval uncertainties, excessive delays, and extended gestation periods. Clinical trials are often costly, for instance:
- The average cost of phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials in different therapeutic areas are roughly USD4, USD13, and USD20 Million, respectively.
- The average cost of pivotal (phase 3) studies for novel medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is USD 41,117 per patient.
Lack of skilled professionals
The lack of expertise and abilities among professionals can impede the growth of the clinical trial platform market. Various reasons such as safety concerns, ineffective site selection, poor trial execution, and poorly researched design emerge as challenges to the market's growth during the forecast period.
CROs and pharmaceutical corporations are hesitant to spend in training their research personnel due to severe time limitations and growing cost reduction. As a result, a significant gap exists in the clinical research sector between available and required specialized people which limits the acceptance and utilization of complex platform CTMS solutions.
Various barriers to the clinical trial platforms in developing countries including a lack of a research environment, ethical and regulatory system constraints, competing demands, a lack of financial and human capacity, and operational barriers act as a restraint in the market’s growth. Thus, the lack of trained individuals in research teams to handle sophisticated digital solutions is hampering the clinical trial platform market.
Opportunities
Technological Advancements
Technological advancements and developments are expected to bring major advantages in clinical trial platform creation, design, and efficiency. New technologies can create lucrative opportunities in the resolution of clinical trial difficulties. Wearable technologies, big data analytics, AI, synthetic biology, telehealth and telemedicine, and mobile communication applications are among the breakthrough advanced clinical trial technologies that are creating opportunities in the clinical trial platform market.
Competition among large biopharmaceutical and contract research organizations (CROs) encourages technological adoption. High use of the web-based clinical trial platform by pharmaceutical and biotech companies for simplified platform distribution and the short time between two clinical trial activities are expected to open up new opportunities in the market in the coming years.
The growing number of small- and mid-sized biopharmaceutical enterprises is driving the use of the web-based platform. Advanced technologies allow easy access to the patient’s data. For example,
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In June 2016, Oracle announced that Pfizer has chosen the Oracle Health Sciences InForm Cloud Service and the Oracle Siebel Clinical Trial Management System and Monitoring Cloud Service to handle and monitor its 300+ clinical studies every year.
Increasing demand from end-use industries
Significant improvements in the pharmaceutical sector are primarily responsible for the expansion of the clinical trial platform market. It has become a vital part of the entire healthcare system, requiring efficient organization and management of the massive volume of data or information fed into the system every day.
Additionally, research organizations have grown rapidly owing to the surging number of cases suffering from chronic diseases which require special attention from the key market players so that clinical trials can be conducted with a view to introducing modern medicines in the market. This increase in demand is expected to create numerous opportunities for market expansion during the forecast period.
Furthermore, many regional and local enterprises pose a threat to global competitors because of their innovative and cost-effective products and technology. This, in turn, is creating growth opportunities in the upcoming companies.
Scope of Clinical Trial Platform Market Report
The report on the global clinical trial platform market includes an assessment of the market, trends, segments, and regional markets. overview and dynamics have also been included in the report.
Attributes |
Details |
Report Title |
Clinical Trial Platform Market – Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast |
Base Year |
2022 |
Historic Data |
2016-2021 |
Forecast Period |
2023–2031 |
Segmentation |
Deployment Mode (Web & Cloud-based, and On-premise), Software & Solution(EDC, eCOA/ePRO eConsent, and Others), End-user (Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Contract Research Organizations (CROs), Medical Device Manufacturers, and Others) |
Regional Scope |
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa |
Report Coverage |
Company Share, Clinical Trial Platform Market Size and Analysis, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends, and Revenue Forecast |
Key Players Covered |
Clario, Veeva Systems Inc., Medidata, Medable, Inc., Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp, Accenture, HCL Technologies Limited, THREAD, Obvio Health USA, Inc., Cloudbyz, and SyMetric. |
Clinical Trial Platform Market Segmental Outlook
What Key Factors Contribute to the Significant Expansion of the Type Segment?
Based on Deployment Mode, the global clinical trial platform market is segmented into web & cloud-based, and on-premise.
The web & cloud-based segment held a dominant share of the market in 2022 as the web-based clinical trial platform is easy to use across multiple sites with a large group of users. Web & cloud-based systems offer benefits for users such as minimal technical issues and remote access to data.
These types of systems aid in minimizing costs regarding backup, system security, upgrades, and others. Moreover, this system supports large amounts of data as well as centralized data which can be accessed from any location that can aid in the adoption of web & cloud-based systems in the global market.
The on-premise segment is anticipated to register a CAGR during the forecast period owing to the increasing adoption of on-premise ones as it provides an internal network that is accessible anytime. It also aids in lowering monthly costs and with the option of customization, organizations can customization as per their requirements.
Why is EDC Segment More Prevalent than the eCOA/ePRO Segment?
On the basis of software & solution, the global market is divided into EDC, eCOA/ePRO, eConsent, and others.
The EDC segment held a dominant share of the market in 2022 as these systems are widely used eClinical tools. EDCs have CDISC-compliant templates making it easy to design and export electronic case report forms (eCRFs).
The eCOA/ePRO segment is expected to register a considerable CAGR during the forecast period. ePROs or electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes are patient-facing tools that allow study participants to monitor and report their health. This can be accessed via a pre-installed app on a smartphone or tablet which usually provides by the trial sponsor and these are usually custom-made with various largest vendors.
What Key Factors Contribute to the Significant Expansion of the End-user Segment?
In terms of end-user, the global clinical trial platform market is categorized as pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies, contract research organizations (CROs), medical device manufacturers, and others.
The pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies segment dominated the global market in 2022 and is expected to hold a major share of the market in the coming years.
Clinical trial management software is used by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to streamline the entire clinical trial process. The CRO segment is anticipated to register a considerable CAGR during the forecast period. The rising trends of digitalization, personalized medicine, and globalization led to the externalization of clinical healthcare and life sciences companies to CROs.
Why is North America dominating Clinical Trial Platform Market?
On the basis of region, the global clinical trial platform market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America held the dominant share in 2022.
The presence of key companies and the high prevalence of chronic diseases promote the demand for clinical trial management software platforms in the region. Increasing investments in pharmaceutical companies and rising favorable regulatory policies can drive the market in the region.
The market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to register a considerable CAGR during the forecast period owing to the increasing R&D activities with an increasing number of clinical trials conducted and the availability of a large patient pool across the region can boost the demand for clinical trial platforms in the region in the coming years.
Key Benefits for Industry Participants & Stakeholders
- In-depth Analysis of the global Clinical Trial Platform market
- Historical, Current, and Projected Market Size in terms of Value and Volume
- Potential & Niche Segments and Regions Exhibiting Promising Growth Covered
- Industry Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities Covered in the Study
- Recent Industry Trends and Developments
- Competitive Landscape & Strategies of Key Players
- Neutral Perspective on Global Clinical Trial Platform Market Performance
Chapter 2 Assumptions and Acronyms Used
Chapter 3 Research Methodology
Chapter 4 Clinical Trial Platform Market Overview
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Market Taxonomy
4.1.2 Market Definition
4.1.3 Macro-Economic Factors Impacting the Market Growth
4.2 Clinical Trial Platform Market Dynamics
4.2.1 Market Drivers
4.2.2 Market Restraints
4.2.3 Market Opportunity
4.3 Clinical Trial Platform Market - Supply Chain Analysis
4.3.1 List of Key Suppliers
4.3.2 List of Key Distributors
4.3.3 List of Key Consumers
4.4 Key Forces Shaping the Clinical Trial Platform Market
4.4.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.4.3 Threat of Substitution
4.4.4 Threat of New Entrants
4.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
4.5 Global Clinical Trial Platform Market Size & Forecast, 2015-2030
4.5.1 Clinical Trial Platform Market Size and Y-o-Y Growth
4.5.2 Clinical Trial Platform Market Absolute $ Opportunity
4.6 Pricing Analysis & Forecast, By Type, 2015-2030
4.7 Current and Future Market Trends
4.8 Technology and Advancement Outlook
Chapter 5 Global Clinical Trial Platform Market Analysis and Forecast By Type
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities By Type
5.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
5.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
5.2 Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Type
5.2.1 Web-based
5.2.2 Cloud-based
5.2.3 On-premise
5.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
Chapter 6 Global Clinical Trial Platform Market Analysis and Forecast By Features
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities By Features
6.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Features
6.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Features
6.2 Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Features
6.2.1 EDC
6.2.2 eCOA & ePRO
6.2.3 eConsent
6.2.4 Others.
6.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Features
Chapter 7 Global Clinical Trial Platform Market Analysis and Forecast By End User
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities By End User
7.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End User
7.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End User
7.2 Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By End User
7.2.1 Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
7.2.2 Contract Research Organizations (CROs)
7.2.3 Medical Device Manufacturers
7.2.4 Others
7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End User
Chapter 8 Global Clinical Trial Platform Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Key Market Trends & Growth Opportunities by Region
8.1.2 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Region
8.1.3 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Region
8.2 Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast by Region
8.2.1 North America
8.2.2 Europe
8.2.3 Asia Pacific
8.2.4 Latin America
8.2.5 Middle East & Africa (MEA)
8.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region
Chapter 9 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Impact
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Current & Future Impact Analysis
9.3 Economic Impact Analysis
9.4 Government Policies
9.5 Investment Scenario
Chapter 10 North America Clinical Trial Platform Analysis and Forecast
10.1 Introduction
10.2 North America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast by Country
10.2.1 U.S.
10.2.2 Canada
10.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
10.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
10.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
10.6 North America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Type
10.6.1 Web-based
10.6.2 Cloud-based
10.6.3 On-premise
10.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
10.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
10.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
10.10 North America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Features
10.10.1 EDC
10.10.2 eCOA & ePRO
10.10.3 eConsent
10.10.4 Others.
10.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Features
10.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Features
10.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Features
10.14 North America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By End User
10.14.1 Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
10.14.2 Contract Research Organizations (CROs)
10.14.3 Medical Device Manufacturers
10.14.4 Others
10.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End User
10.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End User
10.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End User
Chapter 11 Europe Clinical Trial Platform Analysis and Forecast
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Europe Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast by Country
11.2.1 Germany
11.2.2 France
11.2.3 Italy
11.2.4 U.K.
11.2.5 Spain
11.2.6 Russia
11.2.7 Rest of Europe
11.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
11.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
11.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
11.6 Europe Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Type
11.6.1 Web-based
11.6.2 Cloud-based
11.6.3 On-premise
11.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
11.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
11.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
11.10 Europe Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Features
11.10.1 EDC
11.10.2 eCOA & ePRO
11.10.3 eConsent
11.10.4 Others.
11.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Features
11.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Features
11.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Features
11.14 Europe Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By End User
11.14.1 Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
11.14.2 Contract Research Organizations (CROs)
11.14.3 Medical Device Manufacturers
11.14.4 Others
11.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End User
11.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End User
11.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End User
Chapter 12 Asia Pacific Clinical Trial Platform Analysis and Forecast
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Asia Pacific Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast by Country
12.2.1 China
12.2.2 Japan
12.2.3 South Korea
12.2.4 India
12.2.5 Australia
12.2.6 South East Asia (SEA)
12.2.7 Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC)
12.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
12.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
12.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
12.6 Asia Pacific Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Type
12.6.1 Web-based
12.6.2 Cloud-based
12.6.3 On-premise
12.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
12.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
12.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
12.10 Asia Pacific Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Features
12.10.1 EDC
12.10.2 eCOA & ePRO
12.10.3 eConsent
12.10.4 Others.
12.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Features
12.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Features
12.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Features
12.14 Asia Pacific Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By End User
12.14.1 Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
12.14.2 Contract Research Organizations (CROs)
12.14.3 Medical Device Manufacturers
12.14.4 Others
12.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End User
12.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End User
12.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End User
Chapter 13 Latin America Clinical Trial Platform Analysis and Forecast
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Latin America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast by Country
13.2.1 Brazil
13.2.2 Mexico
13.2.3 Rest of Latin America (LATAM)
13.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
13.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
13.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
13.6 Latin America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Type
13.6.1 Web-based
13.6.2 Cloud-based
13.6.3 On-premise
13.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
13.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
13.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
13.10 Latin America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Features
13.10.1 EDC
13.10.2 eCOA & ePRO
13.10.3 eConsent
13.10.4 Others.
13.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Features
13.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Features
13.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Features
13.14 Latin America Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By End User
13.14.1 Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
13.14.2 Contract Research Organizations (CROs)
13.14.3 Medical Device Manufacturers
13.14.4 Others
13.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End User
13.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End User
13.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End User
Chapter 14 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Clinical Trial Platform Analysis and Forecast
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast by Country
14.2.1 Saudi Arabia
14.2.2 South Africa
14.2.3 UAE
14.2.4 Rest of Middle East & Africa (MEA)
14.3 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
14.4 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
14.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis by Country
14.6 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Type
14.6.1 Web-based
14.6.2 Cloud-based
14.6.3 On-premise
14.7 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Type
14.8 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Type
14.9 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
14.10 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By Features
14.10.1 EDC
14.10.2 eCOA & ePRO
14.10.3 eConsent
14.10.4 Others.
14.11 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By Features
14.12 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By Features
14.13 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Features
14.14 Middle East & Africa (MEA) Clinical Trial Platform Market Size Forecast By End User
14.14.1 Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
14.14.2 Contract Research Organizations (CROs)
14.14.3 Medical Device Manufacturers
14.14.4 Others
14.15 Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis By End User
14.16 Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment By End User
14.17 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End User
Chapter 15 Competition Landscape
15.1 Clinical Trial Platform Market: Competitive Dashboard
15.2 Global Clinical Trial Platform Market: Market Share Analysis, 2021
15.3 Company Profiles (Details – Overview, Financials, Developments, Strategy)
15.3.1 Clario
15.3.2 Veeva Systems Inc.
15.3.3 Medidata
15.3.4 Medable, Inc.
15.3.5 Tata Consultancy Services Limited
15.3.6 Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp
15.3.7 Accenture
15.3.8 HCL Technologies Limited
15.3.9 THREAD
15.3.10 Obvio Health USA, Inc.
15.3.11 Cloudbyz
15.3.12 SyMetric