Segments - by Product Type (Slow Release, Controlled Release, Liquid Fertilizers, Others), by Crop Type (Cereals & Grains, Oilseeds & Pulses, Fruits & Vegetables, Others), by Application (Soil, Foliar, Fertigation, Others), by Technology (Nano-fertilizers, Nitrification Inhibitors, Urease Inhibitors, Others), by End-User (Agriculture, Horticulture, Others)
This report is updated with the latest market data and insights as of June 2026. Base year: 2025 | Forecast period: 2026-2034
According to our latest research, the global smart fertilizer market size reached USD 8.5 billion in 2025, demonstrating robust momentum driven by technological advancements and the increasing need for sustainable agricultural practices. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.7% from 2026 to 2034, with the forecasted market size expected to reach USD 18.1 billion by 2034. This impressive growth is primarily fueled by the rising global population, escalating food demand, and the urgent necessity to improve crop yields while minimizing environmental impact across diverse farming systems.
A key growth factor propelling the smart fertilizer market is the rapid adoption of precision agriculture technologies. Farmers and agribusinesses are increasingly leveraging data-driven solutions, including smart fertilizers, to optimize nutrient delivery, reduce wastage, and enhance crop productivity. The integration of sensors, IoT, and AI with fertilizer application systems enables real-time monitoring of soil health and nutrient requirements, ensuring that crops receive the right amount of nutrients at the right time. This not only boosts yields but also reduces input costs and environmental degradation. As governments and private sector organizations continue to invest in agricultural innovation throughout 2025 and beyond, the demand for smart fertilizers is expected to accelerate further. Solutions such as variable-rate in-furrow fertilizer delivery are gaining traction as part of this broader precision agriculture transition.
Another significant driver is the growing emphasis on sustainable farming practices and regulatory pressures to limit the use of conventional fertilizers. Traditional fertilizers often result in nutrient runoff, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, smart fertilizers such as controlled-release and nano-fertilizers offer targeted nutrient delivery, minimizing environmental risks. Many countries are implementing stringent regulations on fertilizer usage, incentivizing farmers to switch to eco-friendly alternatives. Additionally, increasing consumer awareness regarding food safety and environmental sustainability is compelling agri-producers to adopt smart fertilizer solutions, thereby fueling market expansion.
The surge in demand for high-value crops such as fruits, vegetables, and oilseeds is also driving the smart fertilizer market. These crops require precise nutrient management to achieve optimal quality and yield. Smart fertilizers, equipped with advanced technologies like nitrification and urease inhibitors, help maintain nutrient availability in the soil for longer durations, supporting the growth of these sensitive crops. Furthermore, the rise of organic and specialty farming, coupled with the expansion of greenhouse and horticultural activities, is creating new avenues for market growth. As farmers seek to maximize profitability and resource efficiency, the adoption of smart fertilizers is becoming increasingly indispensable across both developed and emerging agricultural economies.
From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific dominates the global smart fertilizer market, accounting for approximately 35.5% of the total market share in 2025. This leadership is attributed to the region's vast agricultural landscape, burgeoning population, and rapid technological adoption in countries such as China, India, and Japan. North America and Europe follow closely, driven by advanced farming infrastructure, strong regulatory frameworks, and high awareness of sustainable agriculture. Latin America and the Middle East and Africa are emerging markets, witnessing steady growth due to increasing investments in modern agricultural practices and government initiatives aimed at boosting food security. The regional dynamics are expected to evolve further as new technologies and business models reshape the global smart fertilizer landscape through 2034.
The smart fertilizer market is segmented by product type into slow release, controlled release, liquid fertilizers, and others. Slow release fertilizers hold the largest product type share at approximately 32.0% in 2025, owing to their ability to gradually provide nutrients to crops over an extended period. This minimizes nutrient leaching and volatilization, ensuring sustained nutrient availability and improved crop health. Farmers are increasingly adopting slow release formulations to achieve higher efficiency in nutrient utilization and reduce the frequency of fertilizer applications. This segment is particularly popular in regions facing water scarcity or where frequent fertilizer application is logistically challenging, contributing significantly to overall market growth.
Controlled release fertilizers represent the second-largest segment at around 29.5% of market share, characterized by their advanced coating technologies that regulate the release of nutrients based on environmental conditions such as temperature and soil moisture. These fertilizers are especially beneficial for high-value crops and precision agriculture systems, where nutrient timing is critical for maximizing yields. The growing availability of next-generation controlled-release formulations is opening new doors for adoption in developed markets like North America and Europe, where regulatory pressures and sustainability goals are driving the shift towards innovative fertilizer solutions. The ability of controlled release fertilizers to minimize nutrient losses and enhance crop performance positions this segment for strong growth through 2034.
Liquid fertilizers account for approximately 26.0% of the market and are witnessing rising adoption due to their ease of application and compatibility with modern irrigation systems such as fertigation and foliar feeding. Liquid formulations enable uniform nutrient distribution and rapid absorption by plants, making them ideal for intensive farming operations and greenhouse cultivation. The segment is also benefiting from advancements in formulation technologies, which have improved the stability and shelf life of liquid fertilizers. As farmers increasingly embrace precision agriculture and automated irrigation systems, the demand for liquid smart fertilizers is expected to surge, particularly in regions with large-scale commercial farming.
The "others" category, representing around 12.5% of the market, includes specialty fertilizers such as micronutrient blends, bio-fertilizers, and customized nutrient solutions tailored to specific crop or soil requirements. This segment is gaining momentum as farmers seek personalized solutions to address unique agronomic challenges. Interest in advanced micronutrient fertilizer products is growing in parallel, reflecting a broader trend toward highly targeted nutrition programs. Innovations in product formulation, driven by research and development investments, are expanding the range of available smart fertilizers and enhancing their effectiveness across diverse growing conditions.
| Attributes | Details |
| Report Title | Smart Fertilizer Market Research Report 2034 |
| By Product Type | Slow Release, Controlled Release, Liquid Fertilizers, Others |
| By Crop Type | Cereals & Grains, Oilseeds & Pulses, Fruits & Vegetables, Others |
| By Application | Soil, Foliar, Fertigation, Others |
| By Technology | Nano-fertilizers, Nitrification Inhibitors, Urease Inhibitors, Others |
| By End-User | Agriculture, Horticulture, Others |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historic Data | 2019-2024 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Number of Pages | 290 |
| Number of Tables & Figures | 293 |
| Customization Available | Yes, the report can be customized as per your need. |
Smart fertilizers are applied across a wide range of crop types, including cereals and grains, oilseeds and pulses, fruits and vegetables, and others. Cereals and grains constitute the largest application segment, driven by their global significance as staple foods. The need to boost yields and ensure food security is prompting large-scale adoption of smart fertilizers in the cultivation of crops such as wheat, rice, and maize. These fertilizers help optimize nutrient management, reduce input costs, and enhance resilience to environmental stresses. With the growing demand for cereals and grains in emerging economies, this segment is expected to maintain its dominance in the smart fertilizer market through 2034.
The oilseeds and pulses segment is witnessing robust growth, underpinned by the rising demand for edible oils and protein-rich foods. Smart fertilizers play a crucial role in addressing the unique nutrient requirements of oilseed crops such as soybeans, sunflower, and canola, as well as pulses like lentils and chickpeas. By ensuring balanced nutrient supply and minimizing nutrient losses, smart fertilizers contribute to higher productivity and improved crop quality. The expansion of oilseed and pulse cultivation in regions like Asia Pacific and Latin America is further driving the uptake of advanced fertilizer solutions in this segment as growers face increasing yield pressure.
Fruits and vegetables represent a high-growth segment, fueled by increasing consumer demand for fresh and high-quality produce. These crops are highly sensitive to nutrient deficiencies and require precise nutrient management for optimal growth. Smart fertilizers, particularly those incorporating nano and controlled release technologies, are being widely adopted in horticulture and greenhouse farming. The segment is also benefiting from the shift towards organic and specialty farming, where the use of eco-friendly and efficient fertilizers is prioritized. As the global population becomes more health-conscious, the demand for nutrient-rich fruits and vegetables is expected to drive further growth in this segment throughout the forecast period.
The "others" category encompasses a diverse range of crops, including cash crops, ornamentals, and specialty crops. This segment is characterized by the adoption of customized smart fertilizer solutions tailored to specific crop needs and growing conditions. Innovations in fertilizer formulation and application technologies are enabling farmers to address unique agronomic challenges and maximize returns from niche crops. As the smart fertilizer market continues to evolve through 2034, the demand for specialized products catering to diverse crop types is likely to increase, creating new opportunities for market participants with strong research and development capabilities.
Smart fertilizers are utilized through various application methods, including soil, foliar, fertigation, and others. Soil application remains the most common method, accounting for a significant share of the market. This method involves the direct incorporation of fertilizers into the soil, ensuring that nutrients are readily available to plant roots. Smart fertilizers designed for soil application are engineered to release nutrients gradually, reducing the risk of leaching and environmental contamination. The widespread adoption of soil application is driven by its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with conventional farming practices, particularly in large-scale agriculture across Asia Pacific and Latin America.
Foliar application is gaining popularity, especially in horticulture and high-value crop production. This method involves spraying fertilizer solutions directly onto plant leaves, allowing for rapid nutrient absorption and immediate correction of deficiencies. Smart fertilizers formulated for foliar application are designed to enhance nutrient uptake efficiency and minimize phytotoxicity risks. The growing emphasis on precision agriculture and crop quality improvement is driving the adoption of foliar feeding, particularly in regions with intensive farming and greenhouse operations. As farmers seek to maximize yields and minimize input costs, the demand for advanced foliar fertilizers is expected to rise consistently through the forecast period.
Fertigation is an innovative application method that integrates fertilizer delivery with irrigation systems, enabling precise and efficient nutrient management. Smart fertilizers used in fertigation are formulated to dissolve easily in water and provide consistent nutrient supply throughout the crop growth cycle. This method is particularly advantageous in areas facing water scarcity or where automated irrigation systems are prevalent. Growers looking to scale up can explore more about how smart fertigation systems are transforming nutrient delivery on commercial farms. The adoption of fertigation is growing rapidly in developed markets, supported by advancements in irrigation technology and increasing awareness of water-use efficiency.
The "others" category includes emerging application methods such as seed coating and drone-based fertilizer delivery. These innovative approaches are being explored to enhance nutrient use efficiency, reduce labor requirements, and improve crop performance. Research and development efforts are focused on developing new application technologies that can deliver smart fertilizers more effectively and sustainably. As the smart fertilizer market continues to mature through 2034, the adoption of novel application methods is expected to increase, offering new growth opportunities for technology providers and agribusinesses seeking competitive differentiation.
The smart fertilizer market is segmented by technology into nano-fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors, urease inhibitors, and others. Nano-fertilizers are at the forefront of technological innovation, leveraging nanotechnology to enhance nutrient delivery and uptake. These fertilizers are engineered at the molecular level to improve solubility, reduce nutrient losses, and increase bioavailability to plants. Nano-fertilizers are particularly effective in addressing micronutrient deficiencies and improving crop resilience to environmental stresses. The growing focus on sustainable agriculture and resource efficiency is driving the adoption of nano-fertilizers, especially in regions with intensive farming and high-value crop production during the 2025-2034 period.
Nitrification inhibitors are specialized additives that slow down the conversion of ammonium to nitrate in the soil, reducing nitrogen losses due to leaching and denitrification. These inhibitors help maintain nitrogen availability in the root zone for longer periods, enhancing fertilizer efficiency and crop yields. The adoption of nitrification inhibitors is gaining momentum in regions with high rainfall or sandy soils, where nitrogen losses are a significant concern. Regulatory pressures to reduce nitrogen emissions and improve water quality are further driving the uptake of these technologies in the smart fertilizer market globally, and particularly across the European Union where nutrient management regulations are tightening.
Urease inhibitors are another important technology segment, designed to minimize nitrogen losses from urea-based fertilizers. These inhibitors prevent the rapid hydrolysis of urea, reducing ammonia volatilization and increasing nitrogen use efficiency. Urease inhibitors are widely used in intensive farming systems and regions with high temperatures, where ammonia losses can be substantial. The growing emphasis on sustainable nutrient management and regulatory compliance is boosting the demand for urease inhibitors, contributing to the overall growth of the smart fertilizer market from 2025 onward.
The "others" category includes emerging technologies such as bio-stimulants, microbial inoculants, and polymer coatings. These innovations are aimed at enhancing nutrient availability, improving soil health, and promoting plant growth. Research and development investments are driving the introduction of new and improved smart fertilizer technologies, expanding the range of options available to farmers. As the smart fertilizer market evolves toward 2034, the adoption of advanced technologies is expected to accelerate, offering new solutions for sustainable and efficient nutrient management across all major cropping systems.
The smart fertilizer market caters to a diverse range of end-users, including agriculture, horticulture, and others. Agriculture is the largest end-user segment, accounting for the majority of smart fertilizer consumption. The adoption of smart fertilizers in agriculture is driven by the need to enhance crop yields, reduce input costs, and comply with environmental regulations. Large-scale commercial farms and agribusinesses are increasingly investing in advanced fertilizer solutions to optimize nutrient management and improve profitability. The integration of smart fertilizers with precision agriculture technologies is further enhancing their value proposition in the agricultural sector as the industry modernizes throughout 2025 and the years ahead.
Horticulture is a rapidly growing end-user segment, fueled by the rising demand for high-value crops such as fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Horticultural operations, including greenhouses and nurseries, require precise and efficient nutrient management to achieve optimal crop quality and yield. Smart fertilizers, particularly those incorporating controlled release and nano technologies, are being widely adopted in horticulture to address the unique nutrient requirements of different crops. The shift towards organic and specialty farming is also driving the demand for eco-friendly and efficient fertilizer solutions in this segment, with horticulture expected to record one of the fastest growth rates through 2034.
The "others" category includes end-users such as turf management, landscaping, and specialty crop production. These segments are characterized by the adoption of customized smart fertilizer solutions tailored to specific needs and growing conditions. Innovations in fertilizer formulation and application technologies are enabling end-users to address unique challenges and maximize returns from their operations. As the smart fertilizer market continues to expand through the forecast period, the demand for specialized products and services catering to diverse end-user segments is expected to increase, creating new opportunities for market participants with flexible and scalable product offerings.
The smart fertilizer market presents significant opportunities for growth and innovation. One of the most promising opportunities lies in the integration of digital technologies with fertilizer application systems. The adoption of precision agriculture, IoT, and AI-driven solutions is enabling farmers to monitor soil health, crop growth, and nutrient requirements in real time. This data-driven approach allows for more accurate and efficient fertilizer application, reducing input costs and environmental impact. As the adoption of digital agriculture accelerates from 2025 onward, the demand for smart fertilizers is expected to increase, creating new opportunities for technology providers, agribusinesses, and input manufacturers across all major regional markets.
Another key opportunity is the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly fertilizer solutions. As governments and consumers become more conscious of environmental issues, there is a rising preference for fertilizers that minimize nutrient losses and reduce pollution. Smart fertilizers, with their targeted delivery and controlled release mechanisms, are well-positioned to address these concerns. The broader adoption of low-emission and climate-friendly fertilizer products is gaining momentum, with manufacturers investing heavily in research and development to create new formulations that enhance nutrient use efficiency and support sustainable farming practices.
Despite the numerous opportunities, the smart fertilizer market faces certain restraining factors. One of the primary challenges is the high cost of smart fertilizers compared to conventional products. The advanced technologies and specialized formulations used in smart fertilizers result in higher production costs, which can be a barrier to adoption, particularly for smallholder farmers and those in developing regions. Additionally, the lack of awareness and technical expertise among farmers regarding the benefits and proper use of smart fertilizers can hinder market growth. Addressing these challenges will require concerted efforts from industry stakeholders, governments, and research organizations to promote education, provide financial incentives, and develop cost-effective solutions that are accessible to a broader base of agricultural producers.
The Asia Pacific region leads the global smart fertilizer market, accounting for approximately 35.5% of the total market share in 2025. The region's dominance is attributed to its vast agricultural sector, large population base, and rapid adoption of modern farming technologies. Countries such as China, India, and Japan are at the forefront of smart fertilizer adoption, driven by government initiatives to boost agricultural productivity and ensure food security. The increasing prevalence of precision agriculture and the rising demand for high-value crops are further fueling market growth in the Asia Pacific region. The region is expected to maintain its leadership position over the forecast period, with a projected CAGR of 9.4% from 2026 to 2034.
North America is the second-largest market for smart fertilizers, with a market size of approximately USD 2.2 billion in 2025. The region's growth is driven by advanced farming infrastructure, strong regulatory frameworks, and high awareness of sustainable agriculture. The United States and Canada are leading adopters of smart fertilizer technologies, supported by significant investments in research and development and the presence of major industry players such as Nutrien, The Mosaic Company, and Koch Fertilizer. The increasing adoption of precision agriculture and the focus on reducing environmental impact are key factors driving market expansion in North America. The region is expected to witness steady growth over the 2026-2034 forecast period, supported by ongoing technological advancements and policy support for sustainable nutrient management.
Europe holds a significant share of the global smart fertilizer market, with a market size of approximately USD 1.9 billion in 2025. The region's growth is underpinned by stringent regulations on fertilizer usage, a strong emphasis on sustainable farming practices, and high consumer awareness regarding food safety and environmental sustainability. Countries such as Germany, France, and the Netherlands are leading adopters of smart fertilizer solutions, driven by advanced agricultural practices and government support for innovation under the European Green Deal framework. The market in Europe is expected to grow at a moderate but consistent pace, with increasing investments in research and development and the expansion of organic and specialty farming across the region through 2034.
The global smart fertilizer market is highly competitive, characterized by the presence of numerous multinational corporations, regional players, and emerging startups. The competitive landscape is shaped by continuous innovation, strategic partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions aimed at expanding product portfolios and strengthening market presence. Leading companies are investing heavily in research and development to introduce new and improved smart fertilizer formulations, leveraging advanced technologies such as nanotechnology, controlled release mechanisms, and digital agriculture platforms. The focus on sustainability, regulatory compliance, and customer-centric solutions is driving competition and fostering innovation across the market as it evolves toward 2034.
Major players in the smart fertilizer market are adopting various strategies to gain a competitive edge, including product differentiation, geographic expansion, and collaboration with research institutions and technology providers. Companies are also focusing on enhancing their distribution networks and providing value-added services such as agronomic consulting and precision farming solutions. The increasing demand for customized and specialized fertilizer products is prompting manufacturers to develop tailored solutions that address specific crop, soil, and climatic conditions. As the market evolves, the ability to offer integrated and holistic nutrient management solutions will be a key differentiator for leading players seeking long-term profitability.
The competitive landscape is further characterized by the entry of new players and startups, particularly in emerging markets. These companies are leveraging innovative business models, digital platforms, and localized solutions to address the unique needs of smallholder farmers and niche segments. The rise of digital agriculture and the proliferation of smart farming technologies are creating new opportunities for collaboration and value creation across the smart fertilizer value chain. As competition intensifies through the 2026-2034 period, companies will need to focus on continuous innovation, customer engagement, and strategic partnerships to sustain growth and profitability in the dynamic smart fertilizer market.
Some of the major companies operating in the smart fertilizer market include Yara International ASA, Nutrien Ltd., The Mosaic Company, Haifa Group, ICL Group Ltd., Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., SQM, EuroChem Group AG, OCP Group, and BASF SE. Yara International ASA is a global leader in crop nutrition solutions, offering a wide range of smart fertilizers and digital farming tools including its ECOSHOT and N-Sensor platforms. Nutrien Ltd. is one of the world's largest providers of crop inputs and services, with a strong focus on innovation and sustainability across North America and internationally. The Mosaic Company is a leading producer and marketer of concentrated phosphate and potash, with a growing portfolio of smart fertilizer products designed for precision application. Haifa Group and ICL Group Ltd. are renowned for their advanced fertilizer formulations and commitment to sustainable agriculture across global markets. Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd. and SQM are prominent players in the Asia Pacific and Latin American markets, respectively, known for their innovative products and strong regional distribution networks. EuroChem Group AG and OCP Group are key players in the European and African markets, offering diverse ranges of smart fertilizers and specialty nutrients backed by significant production capacity.
These companies are continuously investing in research and development, strategic partnerships, and expansion initiatives to strengthen their market position and capitalize on emerging opportunities through 2034. The focus on sustainability, digital transformation, and customer-centric solutions is driving innovation and shaping the future of the smart fertilizer market. As the industry continues to evolve, collaboration between industry stakeholders, research institutions, and technology providers will be critical to addressing the challenges and unlocking the full potential of smart fertilizers in global agriculture.
The Smart Fertilizer market has been segmented on the basis of
Leading companies include Yara International ASA, Nutrien Ltd., The Mosaic Company, ICL Group Ltd., Haifa Group, EuroChem Group AG, SQM, OCP Group, BASF SE, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Coromandel International Limited, K+S Aktiengesellschaft, CF Industries Holdings, Compo Expert GmbH, Helena Agri-Enterprises, Koch Fertilizer, AgroLiquid, and Compass Minerals International. These players compete on the basis of product innovation, sustainability credentials, digital agriculture integration, and geographic reach.
Key opportunities include the integration of AI, IoT, and digital agriculture platforms with fertilizer application systems, the expansion of organic and specialty farming globally, and rising government incentives for sustainable nutrient management. Growing interest in eco-friendly fertilizer alternatives is also creating new market avenues. Primary challenges include the higher cost of smart fertilizers compared to conventional products, limited farmer awareness and technical capacity in developing regions, and the complexity of regulatory approval for novel formulations.
Agriculture is the dominant end-user segment, encompassing large-scale commercial farms, cooperative farming operations, and smallholder agriculture globally. Horticulture is a rapidly growing segment, covering greenhouse cultivation, nurseries, and specialty crop production. Other end-users include turf management, landscaping, and ornamental plant production, all of which demand precise and efficient nutrient management solutions.
Cereals and grains such as wheat, rice, and maize are the largest consumers of smart fertilizers, benefiting from improved nutrient use efficiency and yield stability. Fruits and vegetables represent a high-growth segment due to their sensitivity to nutrient imbalances and the premium placed on produce quality. Oilseeds and pulses, including soybeans and lentils, also benefit significantly, particularly in Asia Pacific and Latin America where cultivation is expanding rapidly.
The major technologies include nano-fertilizers that use nanotechnology for precise nutrient delivery and improved bioavailability, nitrification inhibitors that reduce nitrogen loss through leaching and denitrification, and urease inhibitors that limit ammonia volatilization from urea-based products. Other technologies encompass bio-stimulants, microbial inoculants, and advanced polymer coatings. Emerging innovations in granule-level sensing and monitoring are also enabling more precise nutrient management across diverse crop systems.
Smart fertilizers are applied through four main methods. Soil application remains the most common, involving direct incorporation into the ground for gradual nutrient release. Foliar application involves spraying nutrient solutions onto leaves for rapid uptake. Fertigation, which integrates fertilizer delivery with automated irrigation networks, is growing quickly in water-scarce regions. Emerging methods include seed coating and drone-based delivery, which are being developed to further improve efficiency and reduce labor requirements.
The primary product types are slow release fertilizers (32.0% share), controlled release fertilizers (29.5%), liquid fertilizers (26.0%), and specialty or other formulations (12.5%). Each type offers distinct advantages in nutrient delivery efficiency, application flexibility, and compatibility with various farming systems. Controlled release products, for example, are particularly valued in high-value crop production and precision agriculture settings.
Asia Pacific leads the global smart fertilizer market with approximately 35.5% of total market share in 2025, driven by large agricultural economies such as China, India, and Japan. North America holds the second-largest share at around 25.5%, followed by Europe at 20.5%. Latin America and the Middle East and Africa are growing rapidly as governments invest in modern agricultural infrastructure and food security programs.
Key drivers include the rapid adoption of precision agriculture and IoT-enabled farming, growing regulatory mandates to curb nutrient runoff and greenhouse gas emissions, rising demand for high-value crops, expanding greenhouse and horticultural operations, and increasing awareness of sustainable food production practices among farmers and agribusinesses worldwide.
The global smart fertilizer market reached USD 8.5 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.7% from 2026 to 2034, reaching approximately USD 18.1 billion by 2034. This growth is driven by rising food demand, precision agriculture adoption, and increasing regulatory pressure to reduce conventional fertilizer use.