Segments - by Component (Hardware, Software, Services), by Drone Type (Fixed-Wing, Rotary-Wing, Hybrid), by Application (Structural Inspection, Thermal Imaging, Topographic Surveying, Leak Detection, Others), by End-User (Government Agencies, Private Dam Operators, Utility Companies, Others)
This report is updated with the latest market data and insights as of June 2026. Base year: 2025 | Forecast period: 2026-2034
According to our latest research, the global Drone-Based Dam Inspection market size in 2025 stands at USD 1.32 billion. The market is anticipated to expand robustly at a CAGR of 17.8% from 2026 to 2034, reaching a projected value of USD 5.91 billion by the end of the forecast period. This remarkable growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for efficient, cost-effective, and safe dam inspection solutions, combined with rapid technological advancements in drone hardware, AI-powered analytics, and sensor miniaturization that are collectively transforming how critical water infrastructure is monitored worldwide.
The growth of the Drone-Based Dam Inspection market is strongly influenced by the rising global focus on infrastructure safety and the growing number of aging dams requiring frequent, comprehensive assessments. Traditional dam inspection methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and pose significant safety risks to personnel working in proximity to dam faces, spillways, and embankments. Drones equipped with advanced sensors and imaging technologies offer a transformative approach by enabling detailed real-time visualizations, thermal scans, and structural assessments without requiring manual intervention in hazardous environments. This shift not only enhances the accuracy of inspections but also significantly reduces operational costs and downtime, making dam inspection drone platforms highly attractive to operators and government agencies worldwide.
Another key growth driver through the 2026-2034 forecast period is the deepening integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and real-time data analytics into drone inspection platforms. These technologies facilitate the automated detection of anomalies, cracks, seepage, and structural deformations, enabling proactive maintenance and risk mitigation at scale. The ability to process and analyze vast volumes of inspection data allows stakeholders to make informed repair-prioritization decisions and extend the operational lifespan of critical dam infrastructure. Furthermore, regulatory bodies across major regions are updating UAS guidelines to explicitly encourage the use of unmanned aerial systems for infrastructure monitoring, further accelerating market expansion.
The market is also benefiting from the expanding scope of drone applications beyond structural inspection. Thermal imaging, topographic surveying, and specialized solutions such as drone-assisted dam leakage detection are gaining traction as dam operators recognize the value of comprehensive, multi-sensor data packages. The versatility of drone platforms, combined with modular payloads and customizable software, allows for tailored inspection solutions that address the unique needs of different dam types and operating environments. As global investment in hydropower, irrigation infrastructure, and water-resource management continues to rise through 2034, demand for reliable and efficient drone-based inspection technologies is expected to surge, creating lucrative opportunities for both established players and new entrants.
Regionally, North America currently dominates the market, accounting for approximately 36.2% of global revenue in 2025, followed by Europe at 24.8% and Asia Pacific at 21.4%. The presence of a large inventory of aging dams, stringent regulatory frameworks, and a high level of technology adoption underpin the strong market performance in these regions. Emerging economies across Asia Pacific and Latin America are witnessing the most rapid growth rates, fueled by expanding infrastructure investment programs and growing awareness of the safety and cost benefits of drone-based inspection. The Middle East and Africa region is also showing promising potential, particularly in countries prioritizing water-resource management and dam-safety modernization as part of broader economic development agendas.
The Component segment of the Drone-Based Dam Inspection market is divided into hardware, software, and services, each playing a pivotal role in the end-to-end inspection process. The hardware segment, encompassing drone airframes, high-resolution cameras, LiDAR sensors, thermal imaging payloads, and ground-control systems, represents the largest share at approximately 48.5% of the 2025 market. This dominance reflects the critical importance of high-performance, reliable equipment in capturing accurate and actionable inspection data. Recent advances in drone hardware include lightweight composite materials, extended battery life, enhanced payload capacity, and ruggedized designs capable of withstanding the harsh environmental conditions commonly encountered at dam sites, all of which are driving sustained demand within this segment.
The software segment, representing roughly 28.5% of the 2025 market, is forecast to register the highest CAGR within the component category through 2034. Specialized platforms enable real-time data processing, photogrammetric 3D modeling, and AI-driven defect detection, transforming raw imagery and sensor readings into actionable insights for dam operators and maintenance teams. Cloud-based solutions are gaining particular traction, offering scalable data storage, remote accessibility, and seamless multi-stakeholder collaboration. Integration with machine learning algorithms supports predictive maintenance workflows, enabling operators to identify and address potential failure points before they escalate into costly or catastrophic events. The rising complexity and volume of inspection data collected per mission continues to elevate the strategic importance of software within the overall market ecosystem.
Services constitute approximately 23.0% of the 2025 market, encompassing mission planning, drone operations, data collection, analysis, reporting, and strategic consulting. Many dam operators and government agencies opt to outsource inspection workflows to specialized service providers with deep expertise in both UAS operations and dam-safety protocols. This trend is particularly pronounced in markets where regulatory compliance requires certified inspection professionals or where in-house technical capabilities are limited. Leading service providers are expanding their portfolios to include end-to-end turnkey solutions, from initial mission design through final maintenance-recommendation reports, fostering long-term client partnerships and recurring revenue streams. Alongside traditional structural assessments, services related to deformation monitoring and environmental impact evaluation are gaining market prominence.
The interplay between hardware, software, and services is driving innovation and differentiation across the competitive landscape. Companies are increasingly offering integrated solutions that combine state-of-the-art drone platforms, intelligent analytics, and expert field services, streamlining the inspection workflow and improving outcomes for dam owners and regulators. Strategic collaborations between hardware manufacturers, software developers, and service firms are becoming more common, resulting in holistic offerings tailored to the diverse regulatory environments and asset portfolios of global dam operators.
| Attributes | Details |
| Report Title | Drone-Based Dam Inspection Market Research Report 2034 |
| By Component | Hardware, Software, Services |
| By Drone Type | Fixed-Wing, Rotary-Wing, Hybrid |
| By Application | Structural Inspection, Thermal Imaging, Topographic Surveying, Leak Detection, Others |
| By End-User | Government Agencies, Private Dam Operators, Utility Companies, Others |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historic Data | 2019-2024 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Number of Pages | 292 |
| Number of Tables & Figures | 263 |
| Customization Available | Yes, the report can be customized as per your need. |
The Drone Type segment is categorized into fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and hybrid drones, each with distinct operational characteristics and suitability for dam inspection missions. Fixed-wing drones are favored for their extended flight endurance and capacity to cover large geographic areas in a single mission, making them ideal for surveying expansive dam sites, reservoirs, and upstream catchment zones. Their aerodynamic design enables efficient long-range data collection, which is particularly valuable for topographic surveying and the kind of wide-area reconnaissance associated with sedimentation surveys. The primary limitation of fixed-wing platforms is their requirement for sufficient open space for launch and recovery, which can be restrictive in rugged or confined dam environments.
Rotary-wing drones, including quadcopters and hexacopters, are the most widely deployed type for dam inspections in 2025, owing to their exceptional maneuverability, hover stability, and compatibility with a broad range of sensor payloads. These platforms excel at capturing high-resolution imagery and video of dam faces, spillways, stilling basins, and embankment slopes from multiple angles and at close proximity to the surface. Vertical takeoff and landing capability makes rotary-wing drones well-suited for operations in challenging terrain and constrained footprints. Their adaptability to thermal cameras, LiDAR units, and multispectral imaging systems further enhances their versatility across structural inspection, leak detection, and thermal anomaly mapping applications.
Hybrid drones, combining the endurance of fixed-wing designs with the vertical takeoff and landing capability of rotary platforms, are emerging as a high-value solution for comprehensive dam inspection programs that demand both large-area coverage and precise close-range data capture. Without the need for runways or specialized launch equipment, hybrid platforms are especially advantageous for remote dam sites with limited ground infrastructure. As manufacturing costs decrease and reliability improves, hybrid drone adoption is expected to accelerate significantly across the 2026-2034 forecast window. These capabilities also extend naturally to adjacent infrastructure inspection use cases, such as those explored in the drone-based bridge cable inspection sector, illustrating the transferability of platform advances across civil infrastructure verticals.
The choice of drone type is influenced by dam size and location, specific inspection objectives, payload weight requirements, and applicable regulatory constraints. Many operators are adopting multi-drone strategies, deploying different platform types across the same inspection campaign to maximize data richness and coverage efficiency. Ongoing research and development investment is targeting enhanced autonomous flight, improved payload integration, AI-assisted navigation, and greater environmental resilience, broadening the operational envelope of all drone types and supporting continued market expansion through 2034.
The Application segment encompasses structural inspection, thermal imaging, topographic surveying, leak detection, and other specialized uses. Structural inspection remains the primary and largest application in 2025, as operators seek to identify cracks, surface deformations, concrete deterioration, erosion, and other signs of wear that could compromise dam safety or regulatory compliance. Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR sensors generate detailed visual records and precise 3D surface models, enabling early detection of potential failure points and facilitating targeted, cost-efficient maintenance interventions. The ability to perform frequent, non-invasive assessments dramatically reduces the risk of catastrophic failures and supports compliance with increasingly stringent national and international dam-safety standards.
Thermal imaging is growing rapidly as a complementary application, leveraging infrared sensor payloads to detect temperature anomalies indicative of seepage, internal leakage, compromised waterproofing, or failing concrete. Drones can sweep large dam surfaces quickly, identifying thermal hot spots and cold spots that warrant further investigation without the need for scaffolding or confined-space entry. This capability is particularly valuable for embankment dams and older concrete gravity structures, where internal seepage represents a leading failure mode. Integrating thermal imaging data with structural inspection results provides operators with a multi-layered assessment that materially improves the accuracy and completeness of dam health evaluations.
Topographic surveying is an essential application for mapping dam environs, reservoir boundaries, catchment areas, and downstream floodplains with high precision. Drone-mounted photogrammetry and LiDAR systems generate accurate digital elevation models and contour maps used in flood-risk assessment, hydrological modeling, and infrastructure planning. Frequent, repeatable aerial surveys enable continuous monitoring of terrain changes caused by sedimentation, erosion, or geotechnical movement, supporting long-term resource management and environmental compliance. Leak detection using hyperspectral and multispectral sensors is an increasingly important application, identifying subtle surface and subsurface anomalies in vegetation health, soil moisture, and drainage patterns that serve as early indicators of seepage pathways before they escalate into structural threats. Other emerging applications include vegetation encroachment management, wildlife corridor monitoring, and aerial reconnaissance for emergency response following flood or seismic events, reflecting the expanding versatility of drone platforms across the dam operations and safety lifecycle.
The End-User segment includes government agencies, private dam operators, utility companies, and other specialized stakeholders. Government agencies represent the largest end-user group in 2025, as national and regional authorities bear legal responsibility for the oversight, safety certification, and maintenance of publicly owned dams and water-control infrastructure. Adoption of drone-based inspection within government portfolios is driven by the need to comply with evolving safety regulations, stretch maintenance budgets across large dam inventories, and reduce liability exposure associated with aging infrastructure. Many governments are developing in-house UAS inspection capabilities through dedicated training programs and technology procurement initiatives, while also partnering with certified service providers for specialized assessments.
Private dam operators, including hydropower project developers, irrigation-system managers, and industrial water-storage facility owners, are increasingly adopting drone-based inspection to improve maintenance outcomes, reduce operational risk, and demonstrate regulatory compliance. The ability to conduct detailed assessments without halting power generation or interrupting water delivery is a compelling value proposition in the private sector, where downtime translates directly to revenue loss. Private operators are often early adopters of emerging technologies such as AI-driven defect classification, digital-twin integration, and automated reporting dashboards, using these capabilities to optimize asset performance and extend infrastructure service life.
Utility companies responsible for municipal water supply, hydroelectric generation, and flood-control operations represent the third major end-user category. These organizations are integrating drone inspection data with enterprise asset-management and geographic information systems, enabling a more holistic approach to infrastructure lifecycle management. As utilities face increasing regulatory pressure to modernize aging assets, report on infrastructure condition with greater frequency, and demonstrate resilience to climate-related hazards, investment in drone-based inspection technology is accelerating and is expected to remain robust throughout the 2026-2034 forecast period. Other end-users, including environmental consultancies, civil engineering firms, and emergency-management agencies, are leveraging drone capabilities for impact assessments, research programs, and disaster-response operations, collectively broadening the market's addressable base and driving continued diversification of inspection applications.
The Drone-Based Dam Inspection market presents significant and varied opportunities over the 2026-2034 forecast horizon. The integration of AI and machine learning into inspection platforms is enabling predictive maintenance workflows, automated anomaly prioritization, and digital-twin development, unlocking new and recurring revenue streams for technology and service providers. The convergence of drone inspection data with broader smart-infrastructure management ecosystems, including SCADA systems, GIS platforms, and enterprise asset-management software, is creating opportunities for high-value data integration services. Expansion into adjacent infrastructure verticals, such as levee inspection, pipeline corridor monitoring, and applications documented in the growing drone rail inspection sector, demonstrates the scalability of core platform capabilities and the potential for cross-sector market development.
The development of integrated, end-to-end inspection solutions combining advanced hardware, intelligent analytics software, and expert managed services represents another major opportunity. Companies capable of delivering comprehensive turnkey programs are well positioned to capture recurring contract revenues and build durable relationships with government clients and large private operators. The emergence of inspection-as-a-service subscription models, autonomous drone-in-a-box monitoring systems, and cloud-based data-analytics platforms is reshaping competitive dynamics and lowering barriers for smaller dam operators to access advanced inspection technology. Strategic partnerships, joint ventures, and acquisitions are expected to intensify as participants seek to accelerate capability development, expand geographic coverage, and respond to increasing customer demand for integrated, data-rich inspection programs.
Despite these opportunities, the market faces several substantive challenges. Regulatory complexity remains a primary barrier, as UAS airspace restrictions, operator certification requirements, and data-privacy regulations vary considerably across national jurisdictions, complicating cross-border service delivery and slowing adoption in some markets. High capital costs for advanced drone platforms, precision sensor payloads, and AI-enabled software represent a meaningful deterrent for smaller operators and under-resourced public agencies. Data security and cybersecurity concerns surrounding the capture, transmission, and storage of sensitive structural and geospatial dam information are attracting growing scrutiny from regulators and dam owners. Skilled-pilot shortages, data-analyst capacity constraints, and the need for specialized domain expertise in dam safety further limit scalable deployment, particularly in developing markets. Weather sensitivity, limited battery endurance in cold or high-altitude environments, and radio-frequency interference at remote dam locations present continuing operational challenges that hardware developers and service providers must address to sustain market confidence and drive broader adoption through 2034.
In 2025, North America leads the Drone-Based Dam Inspection market with approximately 36.2% of global revenue, corresponding to a market value of roughly USD 478 million. The region's dominance is underpinned by one of the world's largest inventories of aging dams, a mature UAS regulatory framework administered by the FAA, and strong institutional demand from both federal and state-level dam-safety programs. The United States continues to drive adoption, with the Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and numerous state dam-safety agencies incorporating drone-based inspection into standard protocols. Canada is also witnessing increased deployment, supported by hydropower asset-management modernization initiatives and growing awareness of the cost efficiencies associated with aerial inspection compared to traditional manual methods.
Europe represents the second-largest market at approximately 24.8% of the 2025 global total, equating to roughly USD 327 million. Stringent EU and national dam-safety directives, combined with an active digital-infrastructure investment agenda and a strong research and development ecosystem, are propelling adoption across Germany, France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavia. The European Commission's emphasis on climate resilience, sustainable water management, and infrastructure digitalization is providing additional policy tailwinds that support market growth. The region is projected to maintain a CAGR of approximately 18.2% through 2034, driven by ongoing public infrastructure modernization programs and increasing private-sector investment in renewable hydropower assets.
The Asia Pacific region holds approximately 21.4% of the 2025 market at roughly USD 283 million and is forecast to record one of the highest regional CAGRs over the 2026-2034 period. China's massive hydropower portfolio and ongoing dam-safety regulatory strengthening, India's accelerating infrastructure investment agenda, Japan's post-disaster resilience programs, and Australia's water-security initiatives collectively position Asia Pacific as the most dynamic growth frontier in the global market. Latin America and Middle East & Africa, representing approximately 9.8% and 7.8% of the 2025 market respectively, are expected to grow steadily as regional governments scale investment in dam safety, water-resource security, and sustainable energy infrastructure, creating expanding opportunities for drone-based inspection technology providers through the end of the forecast period.
The competitive landscape of the Drone-Based Dam Inspection market in 2025 is characterized by a dynamic mix of global drone hardware leaders, specialized inspection technology firms, AI-driven analytics providers, and full-service inspection companies. Market leaders are differentiated by their ability to deliver integrated, end-to-end inspection programs that span mission design, data collection, AI-powered analysis, and actionable reporting. Research and development investment is concentrated on advancing autonomous flight capabilities, expanding sensor fusion options, improving resilience in challenging environmental conditions, and deepening integration with digital-twin and asset-management platforms. The competitive intensity is increasing as both established technology companies and well-funded startups recognize the long-term growth potential of the infrastructure inspection sector.
Strategic partnerships, technology licensing agreements, and targeted acquisitions are common competitive moves as market participants seek to accelerate capability development and broaden their addressable customer base. Hardware manufacturers are partnering with AI software developers to embed intelligent analytics directly into drone platforms, reducing the latency between data capture and actionable insight. Service providers are investing in operator training, geographic expansion, and certification attainment to meet the compliance requirements of government and utility clients. The growing number of subscription-based and inspection-as-a-service business models is reshaping revenue dynamics and lowering the entry barrier for smaller dam operators seeking access to advanced inspection technology without significant capital expenditure.
Leading companies operating in the Drone-Based Dam Inspection market include DJI, Parrot SA, senseFly (a Parrot Group company), Delair, Skydio, DroneDeploy, Terra Drone Corporation, Cyberhawk Innovations, Flyability, Trimble Inc., AeroVironment, Microdrones, Sharper Shape, Azur Drones, Wingtra AG, Percepto, Censys Technologies, Emesent (Hovermap), SkySpecs, and Scopito. DJI maintains its position as the dominant global supplier of commercial drone hardware, with platforms widely used in dam inspection operations across all regions. Skydio's AI-driven autonomous flight capabilities and obstacle avoidance technology are gaining significant traction in infrastructure inspection workflows. Flyability's collision-tolerant drones are uniquely suited to confined and complex dam interior environments. DroneDeploy and Scopito provide cloud-based inspection-data management and analytics platforms that are widely adopted by both service providers and asset owners. Cyberhawk Innovations and Sharper Shape deliver specialized end-to-end aerial inspection services with deep civil infrastructure expertise. Emesent's Hovermap LiDAR scanning system is increasingly used for GPS-denied dam-interior and tunnel assessments, while Percepto's autonomous drone-in-a-box solutions are enabling continuous, uncrewed monitoring of dam facilities, representing the forward edge of the market's evolution toward fully automated infrastructure surveillance through 2034.
The Drone-Based Dam Inspection market has been segmented on the basis of
The market features a diverse set of competitors spanning hardware, software, and services. DJI remains the global leader in commercial drone hardware. Skydio is a prominent U.S.-based autonomous drone manufacturer gaining traction in infrastructure inspection. Flyability specializes in confined-space and close-proximity inspection drones suited to dam interior access. DroneDeploy and Scopito provide leading cloud-based data-management and analytics platforms. Cyberhawk Innovations and Sharper Shape deliver specialized end-to-end inspection services. Terra Drone Corporation and Percepto offer autonomous drone-in-a-box solutions for continuous monitoring. Trimble Inc. integrates drone data with professional surveying workflows, while Emesent's Hovermap platform extends LiDAR-based mapping to GPS-denied dam environments.
Regulatory complexity is a primary challenge, as airspace restrictions, privacy laws, and UAS certification requirements vary significantly across jurisdictions, creating compliance burdens and slowing deployment timelines. High capital costs associated with advanced drone hardware, specialized sensors, and AI-enabled software can deter adoption among smaller dam operators or municipalities with constrained budgets. Data security concerns, including the protection of sensitive structural and geospatial information captured during inspections, are an increasing focus for both operators and regulators. Skilled-pilot and data-analyst shortages, particularly in developing markets, limit scalable deployment. Weather sensitivity, battery life constraints, and the risk of signal interference in remote dam locations also present ongoing operational challenges that manufacturers and service providers continue to address.
Government agencies, responsible for public dam safety oversight and regulatory compliance, are the largest end-user group, accounting for a significant share of total market spending in 2025. Private dam operators managing hydropower plants, irrigation reservoirs, and industrial water-storage assets are the second-largest segment, motivated by downtime reduction and asset-performance optimization. Utility companies generating hydroelectric power or managing municipal water supplies represent the third major category, increasingly integrating drone data with enterprise asset-management systems. Other users, including environmental consultancies, engineering firms, and emergency-response agencies, contribute to market diversification and drive specialized applications across the 2026-2034 forecast period.
Structural inspection remains the dominant application, using high-resolution optical cameras and LiDAR sensors to identify cracks, deformations, erosion, and concrete deterioration. Thermal imaging is the second-largest application, detecting seepage, insulation failures, and subsurface anomalies through infrared sensors. Topographic surveying uses photogrammetry and LiDAR to generate precise elevation models and flood-risk maps for catchment management. Sedimentation surveys and leak detection using multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are emerging high-growth sub-applications. Other uses include vegetation management, wildlife monitoring, and emergency-response reconnaissance after extreme weather events.
Rotary-wing drones, including quadcopters and hexacopters, are the most widely deployed type owing to their hover capability, maneuverability in confined spaces, and compatibility with diverse sensor payloads. Fixed-wing drones are preferred for large-area topographic surveys and reservoir mapping missions that demand extended flight endurance and efficient coverage. Hybrid drones, combining vertical takeoff and landing with fixed-wing cruise efficiency, are growing in adoption for complex missions that require both wide-area scanning and close-proximity structural assessment. Many operators now employ a multi-drone strategy, selecting platforms based on specific mission parameters to maximize data quality and operational efficiency.
North America leads with a 36.2% market share in 2025, supported by a large inventory of aging dams, favorable UAS regulations, and high technology adoption rates. Europe follows at 24.8%, driven by strict EU safety directives and active digital-infrastructure investment programs. Asia Pacific holds a 21.4% share and represents the fastest-growing regional market, propelled by major hydropower expansion in China and India and government-backed dam-safety modernization programs. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa collectively account for the remaining approximately 17.6%, with steady growth anticipated as these regions scale water-resource and renewable-energy infrastructure through 2034.
The market is segmented into three primary components. Hardware, which includes drone airframes, cameras, LiDAR sensors, thermal payloads, and ground-control equipment, holds the largest share at roughly 48.5% of the 2025 market. Software platforms covering real-time data processing, 3D modeling, AI-driven defect detection, and cloud analytics account for approximately 28.5%, and are forecast to grow at the highest CAGR within the segment. Services, encompassing mission planning, data collection, analysis, reporting, and consulting, represent the remaining 23.0% and are gaining ground as operators increasingly outsource end-to-end inspection workflows.
Drones are deployed to capture high-resolution imagery, LiDAR point clouds, thermal scans, and multispectral data across dam faces, spillways, embankments, and surrounding terrain. Equipped with rotary-wing, fixed-wing, or hybrid platforms, they hover close to structural surfaces for crack and seepage mapping, sweep wide reservoir catchments for topographic surveys, and use infrared sensors for subsurface thermal anomaly detection. Advanced software processes the collected data into 3D models, defect maps, and inspection reports, enabling operators to prioritize repairs without exposing personnel to hazardous environments. Specialized applications such as drone-assisted leakage detection and deformation monitoring extend the technology's utility even further.
Key growth drivers include the urgent need to inspect and maintain aging dam infrastructure across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, as well as tightening government safety regulations that mandate periodic structural assessments. The integration of AI, machine learning, and real-time data analytics into drone platforms enables predictive maintenance and automated defect detection, substantially reducing inspection costs and personnel safety risks. Rising investments in hydropower, irrigation, and water-resource management further fuel demand for efficient, scalable inspection solutions through the 2026-2034 period.
The global drone-based dam inspection market is valued at approximately USD 1.32 billion in 2025, the base year of this study. Driven by accelerating infrastructure safety mandates, aging dam inventories, and rapid advances in drone hardware and AI-powered analytics, the market is forecast to expand at a CAGR of 17.8% from 2026 to 2034, reaching an estimated USD 5.91 billion by the end of the forecast period.